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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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9 psychiatrics disorders and main findings surveyed by Sullivan article : "Genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders" |
- Alzheimer (rare exonic structural variation)- ADHD (high poly)- ALC, common - Anorexia nervosa- ASD, de novo exonic and structural variation, high comorbidity- Bipolar disorder, common - MDD, high polygenicity (= high heterogeneity)- Nicotine dependence, environmental, common variation- SCZ, rare structural variation and common v.
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Multiplex pedigree
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-Affected family members present- Human genetics testing classic- Help identify Mendelian disorders (ex. Alzhiemer and ASD)
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Simplex pedigree
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-Absence of other family members- Used to study de novo mutations- Popoular for ASD and SCZ
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Best groups of people at detecting lying (Polygraphs) |
- Secret services agent : training- Abused children: more aware of parents' physiology and behaviour (fear or prudence)- Left hemisphere stroke (often unable to understand language so more attentive to subtle changes in social behaviour)
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3 problems about drug screenings
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- Lack of specificity and $ (cheapest way = + false positives) - Invasion of privacy- Substances that act likes drugs (poppy seeds = heroine; cold drugs = cocaine use)
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Neurometrics
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19 different electrodes recording all over the brain = different profiles. Just by looking at patterns of the brain, an old study classified normals, depressives, alcoholics and demented patients.
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CAT scan
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3D images of the 2D X-Ray pictures; computerised axial tomography, ex. looking at or in a loaf of bread, a camera that circulates around the head and takes pictures from different angles, then synthesised in the computer. |
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MRI functioning (3)
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- Strong magnetic field around head (50 000x earth's magnetic pull)- Causes hydrogen atoms to align their electrons in the field- Pictures are taken ex. study on dog and oxytocin
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Colin DeYoung study (Personnality and MRI) |
- Extraversion: differences in medial orbitofrontal cortex (reward stimuli process) - Conscientiousness : medial frontal cortex (planning voluntary control)- N: prefrontal cortex and limbic system differences Agreeableness : no structure that makes sense
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Cautions about brain imaging |
- Not sure what is measured for ex. decision making or lying? - Blood oxygenation's correlation with neural activity is just an assumption, i.e. fMRI measures blood flow oxygen not neural activation - Generalizing from groups to individuals ex. SCZ thalamus theory ; neural activation of an area/network can represent a generalized response to broad range of behaviour - Neural abnormalities present in the brain may or may not be directly related to development or expression of psychopathology |
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Why did mice with the FOSB gene knocked out let their offspring die?
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The gene affects the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, important for gender differences and sexual orientation in humans.
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Issues about nature/nurture debate
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- Most people think it's either way; when in fact it's an interaction of both of them. Only nature: people live in a vacuum; only nurture: people live with no body. - Confronts the common belief that "everyone is belief" - Disturbing assumption that "if you inherit it, you can't do anything about it" - Genes are not fixed; epigenetics domain where behaviour and genes affect each other. Transgenerational inheritance: mice with crooked tail after exposition to pollutants carried the gene over 4-5 generations
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Bullying and genetic changes |
- Mice constantly bullied - Resulted in a long lasting social aversion - Mesolimbic DA system and BDNF affected - Can be reserved by gene alteration |
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Ornish et al. 2008.
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- 30 diagnosed with mild prostate cancer - Nutrition and lifestyle intervention : stress management, mild exercise, diet; affected genes involved in tumor development - 48 genes + expressed and 453 underexpressed genes |
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Carol Carr
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- Assisted both of her sons's suicide when they were in desperate condition of Huntington's disease. - She served prison time for it afterward
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Huntington's disease
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- Autosomal dominant ; if parent has it, 50% chance to get it - Problem with chromosome 4- Gene cloned (1993) ; traced up to 3 men who arrived in 1690s in America and a small pop. in Venezuela- Proteins discovered- Repeated copies of glutamine (neurotoxic)- Decreased brain-derived neurotropic factor + BDNF (fundamental to survival of brain cells) Ethics of genetic testing:- Those most at risk don't get tested- 25% tested positive commit suicide immediately
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How to determine heredity? (Twin studies)
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Substract Dz from Mz twins = H Issues: monozygotic twins tend to have a more homogenous environment for ex. same IQs - Identical twins genome is not perfectly similar; slight differences found. |
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Emergenesis
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Twins tend to have same kinds of environment, collections of traits thus tend to emerge as similar, sometimes really weird.Ex. twins Jim Springer and Jim Lewis (classic identitcal twins study with different environment)
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Environmental factors on twin studies
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- Religious training (self control in dinsinhibition study) - Types of education- Marital status (in alcoholism study; less likely to be if married)- Loneliness (precursor for depression)
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OGOD point of view
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The view that one gene is one disease. Other than Huntington's, no psychiatric disease fit that notion. Instead, quantitative traits loci (QTL) : maps of genes affecting endophenotypes underlying trait conditions, then their impact on environment in order to produce particular behaviour. How many genes operate together to produce an effect.
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Cross-fostering
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Adoption studies- Separate heredity and environmental impact - ex. alcoholism expression with parents with disorder or without- Conclusion : not a question of environment. If the child has bio PWD, but raised by a PWOD, and still becomes alcoholic = genes. Same risk in any situation for males. - Opposite for women: when they have alcoholism in family but raised by PWOD, they are doing okay. If they are raised with PWD, they drink too. Women more likely to develop according to family/environment. - SCZ: parents PWD, 20% chance if both have it, raised with or without D, you will have it. - Individuals who are adopted have more risk of developing a disorder + criminality. - Romanian children in horrible conditions of orphanages and effect of early environment (attachment problems and other life impairmens)
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Karyoptype
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Map of chromosome ex. trisomy of chromosome 21 : Down Syndrome
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Down syndrome
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- Genetic but not inherited (incorrect mytosis, 1 in 650 births, IQ of about 30-47, Mz twins concordant) old age of parents- Diagnosis made with amniocentesis, blood and ultrasound- Relationship with Alzheimer: same amyloid plaques and tangles, chromosome might be involved in early onset (21) - Related to mom's age; older ; 40% of trisomic babies are born to moms over 40 (4% of babies overall). - Europe : 92% have an abortion, 62% in the US- A lot are productive like Melissa Riley, go to university; it's a disease on a normal curve, how extreme the gene will be expressed can't be predicted yet. - Larger hippocampus than controls
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Fragile X
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- Present in Down syndrome- Mental retardation-Related to ASD, ADHD and mental retardation- X chromosome, bend in abnormal way - Isolated in 1991- More chances for men (XY, in contrast to XX for women)- Many unaffected carriers : risk to offspring and reduced penetrance (effect)- Physical abnormalities: long faces, large forehead, big ears, double jointed- Anticipation: affected members in successive generations only but more severe. Lower age : + severe. - fMRI study: grey and white matter sig. difference lower than control groups.
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Diseases related to old fathers
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- Schizophrenia- ASD- Bipolar disorder- Epilepsy- OCD- Impaired cognitive ability - The older the father, the more likely to have these kinds of disorders = gamete production.
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Selective breeding studies
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Robert Tyron ; breeding for intelligence in mice. Breed those who did good in maze together, and those who did bad together = 2 gene pools. What's really manipulated? Another scientist sunk the maze in water and the intelligent ones did worse than the stupid ones.
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Pleiotropy
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One gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits, an example being phenylketonuria, which is a human disease that affects multiple systems but is caused by one gene defect. Ex. Silver foxes ; interbred to make them more gentle for fur trade, they turned into fluffy ears, curly tails, less stress hormones, small jaws, the fundamental animal was changed. Ex. Ginsberg vs Scott mice: both right about their findings, but mice's aggressiveness was influenced by how they were handled ; Ginsberg scooped them nicely and Scott tossed them around. |
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Hypertension studies on mice
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- Dahl strain rats: sensitive to salt - They die if put salt in their diet - People who eat too much salt have high blood pressure - Conflict (stress) situation: Mix reward and shock to produce conflict - The salt-sensitive animals developed high blood pressure and some even died; even if they had no salt, the psychological stress situation alone injured them. - You can be genetically vulnerable for 1 thing and another completely different ; interactive situation. |
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Study of children of violent and non-violent parents
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Stable vs. non stable family situation Birth problems or no Sample in Denmark No birth problems + unstable = you're okay Birth prob + unstable family : high risk of criminal history (20 years later) Interaction between environmental event(birth problem ex.), family situation and criminal history. 20% of antisocial behaviour is accounted by genes. |
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Norma McCorvey and Freakonomics theory on violence |
- Reduction in violence = when abortion became legal (!!) , large proportion of children not raised in unstable (violent) families. |
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Sheldon theory of gene expression : Personnality x Body shape |
- Mesomorphic, +muscle/bone x somatotonic (athletic, aggressive) + paranoid
- Viserotonic x endomorphic + fat (social, relaxed, outgoing) + affective disorders - Ectomorphing x cerebatonic +nerve tissue (intellectual, sensitive, inhibited) + heboid (highly withdrawn) |
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Jung, Eysenck, Hippocrates humors theory |
Sanguine : cheerful + blood Phlegmatic : apathetic +phlegm Choleric : angry + yellow bile Melancholic: + black bile Temperamental-type theory
E: Neuroticism and psychoticism
Jung: Extra and introversion
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Orchids/Dandelines Theory |
With low MAOA (involved in metabolism of norepinephrine and dopamine), people blossom when treated well, but if childhood maltreatment, they are considerably worse in anitsocial behaviour. (Like Orchids) In sum, - MAOA + CM = ++ antisocial behaviour - MAOA - CM = best score + MAOA + CM = doing better than orchids.
MDD more likely when s/s allele + maltreatment, not with l/l allele = dandelines like bad weeds, orchids are s/s alleles. |
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Cannabis use x SCZ + val COMT Gene |
Two types of amino acids: Methionine and Valine in COMT genotype (involved in breakdown of dopamine)
Gene x environment x disorder interaction; those with Val/Val gene combination much more likely to develop SCZ if they smoked cannabis at age 26 Genotype doesn't matter when reporting delusions : you see oreo cookies in both cases.
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Kagan Temperament theory |
Experiment: umbrella opened right in the face of the child; ball rolled down toward their nose. Introverted people have more overreactive when infants (increased heart rate, autonomous physiological response, etc.) Extroverted people = underreactive
High reactor kids are the ones at risk for what we call neurotic disorders = anxiety, depression, PTSD, OCD. |
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Reasons for studying biochemistry |
1. Functional genetics (what is it that genes do?) 2. Chemical anatomy of the brain (neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, location of act.) 3. Pharmacology; we can affect people with drugs 4. Metabolic factors: - glutamate and Huntington's disease, - amphetamine = +DA = paranoid SCZ; already SCZ get worse. - LSD (serotonin) : SCZ don't get worse ; can't tell the difference between positive symptoms and LSD hallucinations. - Tetrodoxin (fugu fish = death-like symptoms), water intoxication
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Cerebral cortex |
1.5 to 4 mm thick Provides connections and pathways for the highest cognitive functions such as language and abstract thinking 25 billion neurons, 62 000 axons, 300 trillion synapses. Cortex dense in neurons and axons |
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Synapse |
Synthesis Storage Release Degradation Reuptake |
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Major depressive episodes and negative life events |
# of negative life events does not affect the likelihood of developing a MDD for l/l alleles
+ negative life events = + MDD probability for s/s alleles
Plasticity for affective neurocircuitry model: fearful temperament (s/s allele 5HTTLPR) = material insensitivity and intrusiveness = attention bias to threat (vPFC-amygdala circuitry = anxious behaviour/inhibition). |
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Genotype to adult phenotype interactions (3 stages) |
1. Prenatal : drugs, toxins, nutrition, stress 2. Postnatal: neglect, abuse, variations in care 3. Juvenile: social contact, environmental complexity |
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Effet of negative environmental factors |
+ negativity of parents, peers = + genetic effect |
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Reserpine |
- Given for hypertension before - Decreases SHT and Norepi = depression |
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Amphetamine (depression) |
- Earliest treatment for depression - Stimulant; + SHT and norepi Anti-depressant |
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Main antidepressants |
- MAO Inhibitors (not given anymore, because of side effects = "suicidal" drugs + give heart attacks when mixed with certain foods like blue cheese. - Tricyclics (bef. anti-psychotic) - Serotonin reuptake drugs (used now) = only for fewer side effects |
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Schizophrenia pharmacology |
- First used drugs to tranquilize ; dealt with positive symptoms (ex. barbiturates), people were just knocked out but still hallucinating. - Found that SCZ have too much DA - 2x D2 receptors and D4 receptors = biochemical problem - D2 receptors at first (in vitro in labs) , but now drugs for D4 receptors because of less side effects. - Chlozapine: best effect but least used because of the side effects (extrapyramidal symptoms) |
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Chlozapine |
- less SCZ positive symptoms - + extrapyramidal symptoms: lack of DA = muscle disorders ; function of DA.
- Developed in France - 1933: antihistaminic - 1945: synthesized - 1953: labeled, first used in rats = sedative effect, tried on manic patients Deniker : used on psychotics - It wasn't just sedative but the drug changed patients' abnormal thought Lehmann: famous for treatments of severe psychotics : dealt with thought process + sedative for violent outbreaks. 1960: Start of treatment = 600 000 to 300 000 patients in institutions Deinstitutionnalization started with the advent of drugs |
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Water intoxication |
- Guy at the airport ex. delusion symptoms = psychotic behaviour because he drank water, chemical/water imbalance, unable to filter properly. - Up to age 18, 20% of SCZ already died of water intoxication. Dysregulation of anti-diarrhetic hormone = +water in cells, brain saturated |
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Dopamine |
- Neurotransmitter ; catecholamine; sub-class of monoamine - Bros: norepi and epineph. - 80% of brain's catecholamines - Produced in substantia nigra and VTA ; diffused throughout the brain - Drugs used to treat SCZ dampen DA - DA receptors : D1 (D1 and D5) ; D2 (D2, D3, D4) |
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Dopamine synapse |
Tyrosine = DOPA = DA released = reuptake in MAO
Amphetamine: affect; slows MAO reuptake
Cocaine, ritalin : synapse is longer
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ADHD |
- Thought now to persist in adulthood - Issue of classification: 90% of people could report the symptoms said. - Subjectivity of symptoms: most diagnosed by teachers, but should be in at least 2 different settings - Diagnosis is double for males - 1/2 have pharma treatment (when some are only immature dev.) Large % of school age kids are diagnosable. - ++ Co-morbidity with conduct disorder, defiance, MDD, bipolar, anxiety and learning disability
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Follow-up of ADHD 33 years after diagnosis at 8 |
- Much worse - Worse education, SES, and occupational status - ADHD still ongoing - Lifetime ASPD and SUD - + hospitalization + Incarceration + Divorce |
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ADHD and DA |
- Ritalin acts on DA : 80% success, 17% grade improvement - Animal models: frontal lobes lesion prove hyperactivity, not a long lasting response to Ritalin - DA areas: brain imaging studies : reduced vol. in DA rich areas (striatum, frontal lobes) - DA transporter abnormalities: + density ; DA doesn't stay long in synaptic cleft, 3-5x more likely to have genetic marker 480 DT allele - D4 and D2 receptor genes differences: DRD4 gene; 7 repeat allele = + risk (41% of ADHD vs. 21% controls) = less IQ and more externalizing behaviour. + A1 allele in D2 receptors genes - Use of other DA drugs: cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, alcohol. for ex. D1 and D5 receptors reduce cocaine craving - Other nDeurotransmitters involved: norepi, serotonine, etc.
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DA and Substance Abuse |
- Ritalin : abuse by inhalation or injection; not in pill (20-30 mins to reach brain) - D1 and D5 antagonists reduce cocaine craving - Reduced DA transmission = - alcohol consomption - DA properties of abused drugs : ex. amphetamine, cocaine, alcohol, nictoine, heroin, LSD, NDMA, etc. - Self-admin: mesolimbic system involved in reward/approach system (survival, sex, food, etc.) not pleasure related. If mesolimbic is destroyed = no more self-admin. ; DA agonists : + self-admin, + co-abuse. ex. PET scans of drunk people : +DA in nucleus accumbens - Cocaine or methylphenidate + alcohol = +euphoria ; best buzz, less sedation, drunkenness, +energy ex. best wine of the year chosen had cocaine added in it. ex. ++ cardiac response to ethanol ex. Female offenders : more impulsive seeking rewards, : sought DA system activation: = + legal trouble ex. We know that cocaine addicts might be clean for a while but DA release when put in environment where they used to take substance
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Oxytocin |
1. Social Interaction 2. Pair Bonding 3. Anti-Stress 4. Health Promotion
The "love hormone" - Female with vaginal delivery (birth) + breastfeeding produced + and handled stress far better. Knock out studies: - Male intruder study: mice with KO oxytocin + aggressed = lack of social functioning - KO oxytocin females didn't tend to their children, + infanticide. - Kids from orphanage/foster and kids from biological mothers When held by their mothers or surrogate, foster kids had - oxytocin levels. - Couples: +oxytocin for women, stays the same for men in times of distress. Need to bond further for women.
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Increase 5HT (serotonin) without drugs (4 ways) |
- Cognitive manipulations ("Think positive!") - Brighten your day (Light) - Exercise to fatigue - Take diet high in tryptophan |
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James-Lang theory of emotion |
- Emotions are due to ANS reaction - Theory has been challenged for decades - Feedback loop: person receives physiological symptoms and interpret it = vicious circle that becomes worse ex. panic attacks ex. study : group 1 breathes in bad until faint feeling vs. told to induce panic attack symptoms ; the 2nd group induce the attack. only)
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Amygdala (Charles Whitman story) |
- Cope with fear stimuli ; fear/flight response; main action: label stimuli as fearful unless other structures tell it's safe by past exp registered. No recognition = fear. - Imaging study: pairing light with shock = amygdala act. - Lesions studies: don't recognize fear, fear faces labeled as trustworthy. - Excess receptors: inhibit fear ; developmental coping - When you can't discriminate = anxiety, highly predictable. ex. Giraffe
Charles Whitman: 25, brilliant, student marine. Killed mom + 13 others. He lost temper + hit his wife + headaches. He told psychiatrist he thought of shooting people, still dismissed. Tumor in amygdala : dramatic effect, also wrote excessively. |
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Limbic system 4 F's |
- Feeding - Fleeing - F**king - Fighting
"the primitive brain" Cortex inhibits limbic related activities |
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1972 Brain Stimulation Study (Sexual orientation) and 2007 cases (depression) |
- 24 years old man - Depressive/suicidal, male prostitute college drop out, cold parents, temperamental = temporal lobe epilepsy = highly reactive. - Electrodes stimulation in brain areas - Self-stimulation: Showed (hetero) porn; he was annoyed. He could press button to stimulate parts of the brain by pressing. Septum = profund sexual response = "electronical masturbation" - Sexual behaviour changed: he became hetero, excited by porno, had sex with prostitute with the electrodes on (how ethical...). When he came = seizure effect (delta waves) = changed area below septum involved in sexual and gender behaviour. He stayed heterosexual after experiment.
38 year old male: Depressed - DBS vs sham : in subgenual cingulate cortex (overactive was decreased) ; he became well. - 50-60% of severe depressed are healed when other treatment don't work - Constant stimulation: "calmness" - Decrease of areas after treatment; depression vanished - Amygdala altered + orbitofrontal cortex = whole fiber tract altered ex. PET scans |
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Stress and the brain |
- ANS stimulation, amygdala = + corticol release
- Damages brain : less hippocampus, less immune system. ex. Cushing's syndrome = ++ cortisol = less hippocampus ex. PTSD = less hippo volume ex. depressed : same volume decrease If you damage hippocampus = + reaction to stimuli = less ability to cope with stress. |
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Mice in running wheels! |
Experiment : mice in wheel vs. normal cage Then put in water maze, killed than histology of brain. Animals in exercise condition: learn faster in maze
Exercise effect on hippocampus. |
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Frontal lobe |
Responsible for high cognitive and executive functions (programming, execution and inhibition of motor movements and speech) Susceptible for developmental compromise, injury from head trauma, sensitive to toxic exposure (alcohol and drugs)
1. Organization and planning 2. Problem solving 3. Inhibition 4. Foresight 5. Social propriety
Does not fully mature until early adulthood. Injuries : dramatic intellectual and personnality changes. PHINEAS GAGE. period. |
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Bôny ridges |
Rough base of skull with bony protuberances : can result in injury from contact with brain (acceleration/deceleration = concussion)
ex. Lawsuits for football but also soccer players. Deficits related to potential head trauma in memory, planning, + depression.
ex. Christ Benoit - wrestler, known for diving on people with head. He killed wife + kids + himself. Autopsy : encephalopathy; tangles in the brain much like Alzheimer. |
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Frontal lobe & Alcohol (BFF...not) |
Study: drunk vs. placebo Frontal lobe tests: decrements between 2-3 drinks vs. 5-6-7 drinks ; measured blood alcohol levels. Extreme deficits App. 50% of assaults/murders occur when perpetrator AND (either/or/both) are intoxicated. ex. Mice could hide in side pannels in a maze where there was a cat at the start. The sober mice stayed in the pannels, but the ones with alcohol wandered out.
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Issues in development of anorexia nervosa |
- Positive reinforcement by Western standards of thinness and weight loss - Dieting becomes a reward in itself - operant conditioning - The ventral striatum is larger in adolescence, so it's more sensitive to rewards at this stage |
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Action-outcome learning circuit (Walsh) |
- Orbitofrontal cortex - Amygdala - Ventral striatum |
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According to Walsh, what is the best treatment for anorexia nervosa ? |
Reversal habit therapy and family-based treatment
NOT cognitive-behavioural, interpersonal or antidepressants. (effective for affective and bulimia disorders) |
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(Insel) Which disorders account for symptoms being late manifestations of neurodevelopmental abnormalities? |
- Parkinson (DA cells death; onset after 80% of cells died) - Huntington's ; glutamate toxic effect; larger ventricles - Alzheimer : accumulation of b-amyloid tangles and plaques |
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(Insel) What are the risks for neurodevelopmental focus on mental disorders? |
- "At risk" label : psychosocial negative impact on children (interventions could be said for cognitive improvement, so not too alienating ex. video games) P - False positives: some go through transient moods even in normal development, so "false positives" could be more damaging than helpful - Trajectories are unpredictable, accuracy of biological markers and cognitive predictors is not guaranteed |
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Prodrome |
Early symptom indicative of a disorder |
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(Vrshek) S-allele and L-allele interact with... |
S allele: major interpersonal events + family stress (greatest effect) L allele : major noninterpersonal events + family stress |
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(Vrshek) Which variable is promising for future research? |
Family stress |
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(Duncan) What improvements did GWAS add to genetics research? (3) |
1. Reduced type 1 errors of candidate genes studies 2. Did not rely on a priori gene hypotheses 3. Demonstrated good candidates couldn't be chosen yet because of lack of biological knowledge |
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(Duncan) Classic heritability studies |
- Without molecular data - Twin studies - GxE interaction - Found that SCZ, Bip and ASD had 70% genetic heritability variation - Anxiety + depression = 30-40% |
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(Duncan) Review of participants in genetics research (2) |
1. Successful for gender representativity (equal males and females) 2. Could improve diversity for ethnicity and geographical location |
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(Duncan) Why candidate studies could not be replicated? (4) |
1. Significance threshold was too low = ++ false positives 2. Sample sizes of candidate genes were too small 3. Used a priori genes hypothesis (candidates) ; limited to them 4. Substantial publication biais |
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(Duncan) recommendations for future genetics studies (3) |
1. More replication studies 2. Larger samples 3. Methological changes: report all tests, report the stat test more like the original study, publication bias limit |
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Deep Brain Stimulation |
Electrodes put in subgenual cingulate area ; stimulator (pacemaker-like) and provides constant stimulation of a particular brain area. - Depresssed become calm, + awareness and +interests. Works for 50-60% depressed severely for which other treatment doesn't work. - Areas stimulated decrease in volume - Amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex also affected: whole fiber tract of stimulation affected |
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Structural changes of depressed patients after 3 years |
- Decrease of: Hippoampus ACC Left amygdala Right prefrontal cortex Emotional control pathway |
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SCZ and the brain |
- Eye-tracking: abnormal; 45% of relatives will show deficits too ; controled in frontal lobes + DA involved - Reduced EEG and delays - Mixed handedness - Ventricle enlargement (cortex prob. smaller) - Smaller frontal lobes - Enlarged sulci - Left hippo. dysfunction - Hypofunction of dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex - + basal ganglia activity - Left frontal deficits (ex. word fluency) - Difficult inter-hemisphere transfer - Larger corpus callosum
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Spatial and nonspatial conditional associate learning performance (Depressives and SCZ performance)
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Spatial : right hemisphere Non spatial : left
Depressives do better on non spatial tasks, they do well where language is involved but not when the right one is involved
SCZ do well on spatial tasks ; but bad on left hemisphere (non spatial tasks) |
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Models of schizophrenia (5) |
1. Cognitive (disorder of consciousness, self-awareness, abstraction impairment) ; don't get jokes, sarcasm or abstract terms 2. Neurobiology : deficits in working memory ; dissociation emotion from action ,context lost. 3. Psychobiological: information process deficit; attentional 4. Clinical psychiatry (Thalamic filtering) smaller thalamus hypothesis 5. Cognitive dysmetria circuit cortex-cerebellum-thalamus misconnected, non-efficient. Blends all findings.
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Risk factors for SCZ |
1. Genetics 2. Father's age 3. Prenatal viral infection 4. Mother's nutrition 5. Difficult birth 6. Infant severe illness |
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Attenuated psychosis syndrome (what, why, benefits, inconvenients) |
- "Psychosis risk syndrome" ; soft/early version of SCZ - hallucinations/delusions but they know it'sn ot real ; could be directed to right clinics before the disorder fully develops - Not included in DSM V afterall because: 1. The number of false positives would be TOO DAMN HIGH; could never develop SCZ in the future 2. All traditional consequenes of putting a label
Advantages: - Encourages early detection/id and treatment/prevention - Encourage attention on important clinical problems
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Anna O. |
- Joseph Breuer's patient; seen 1/day for 18 months - 21 years old - Paralysis, anaethesia, coughing, nausea, disturbed |
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Transference |
Expressing problems onto someone else. Ex. Anna O claimed she was pregnant (false) and that Breuer was the father |
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Catharsis |
Expressing emotions in accepting relationship, basis of psychotherapy |
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Sexual basis of hysteria |
Sexual abuse, real or fantasized ex. Anna O wanted to sleep with her father |
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Hypnosis (Psychoanalysm 101) |
Used to recall memories from the unconscious, by free association ; paying attention to what is not said (hesitation, non verbal behaviour, etc.) |
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Repression |
When bad ideas are pushed into unconscious |
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Hysteria Freudian theory |
Exeprience goes into unconscious and emotions emerge into hysterical symptoms |
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Freud's psychoanalytic theory (4) |
1. Different levels of consciousness 2. Structure of personnality 3. Stages of psychosexual development 4. Defence mechanisms |
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3 levels of consciousness (Freud) |
1. Conscious 2. Preconscious 3. Unconscious |
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Freudian structure of personnality |
1. ID ; needs to be satisfied (present at birth) inherited 2. Ego: reality principle ; purpose: fit ID into reality, defence mechanisms 3. Superego: traditional and society values, demands rejection/restriction. Disagrees with ID = conflict of forces. |
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Pathology is psychoanalytic approach (Theorized mental apparatus) |
1. Closed energy 2. Pathology: ego is squeezed between ID and Superego = anxiety 3. symptoms : low energy, can't be expressed 4. Functional problem : if paralyzed, mother can't be a caregiver for ex. 5. Energy expressed through defence mechanisms |
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Defence mechanisms examples |
1. Repression 2. Regression 3. Projection 4. Intellectualization (hiding real issue behind abstract analysis) 5. Denial 6. Displacement (feelings displaced to another less threatenng person) 6. Reaction/formation: repressing unnacceptable desire by expressing the opposite (homophobe homosexual ex.) 7. Sublimation: transformation of sexual or agressive nergy into acceptable activity (ex. painters who paint nudes) |
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Psychosexual development |
1. Oral stage (0-18 mths) Failure to resolve: eating disorders, alcoholism,overtalking 2. Anal stage (18 mths-3 years) Failure to resolve, anal stage; stubborness, overcontrolling, hoarding behaviour 3. Phallic stage (3-6 years); penis envy or castration anxiety Failure to resolve: problems with sexual relationships 4. Latency: focus on intellectual and motor skills 5. Genital stage : dev. of romantic relations with peers |
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Methods of study ; Freud's problem of inference |
With hypnosis, free association, projective testing; transference, dream analysis : in sleep, ego has less control so you get a clear picture of ID ; fMRI studies : ++ limbic activity, decrease in prefrontal.
Problem that everything comes back to sex. |
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Validity in Freud theory (3) |
1. Logical explanation; if works, uses it. But what "works" mean? - Mind produces behaviour : anxiety is a warning of the ego How do we know it's warning ? Anxiey ; circle of theory.
2. Insight Dynamics of self used to change behaviour = doesn't work ex. Freud's horrible smoking habit
3. Subliminal activation With absolute threshold ; don't see it = unconscious bridge. Ideas increase or decrease pathology ex. SCZ : oral stage conflict ; "refregirator moms" when sub. look at mother holding child : they got better. Without mom contact, couldn't understand reality, connect with reality. - BUT only 50% studies support; and absolute threshold is not 100% invisible to conscious.
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fMRI of "don't think about it !" areas |
1. decrease hippocampus act. 2. + frontal lobes (inhibition) 3. Nothing to do with psychoanalysis |
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Benefits of psychoanalysis (4) |
1. Started expansion of psych 2. Understanding normal behaviour 3. Emphasis on psychotherapy 4. Emphasis on development stages |
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Critics of psychoanalysis (5) |
- Dogmatic - Ovemphasis on sex - Self-fulfilling prophecy - Length, cost, effectiveness - Can't test it : definition, data collection and falsifiability
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Repressed memories 1990s (!!!) |
Main mistake: using therapy to bolster a theory
- Common explanation for behavioural disorders got trendy: sexual abuse repressed - Sex dysfunction ; poor relationships, etc. explained by that. - Shows it's easy to manipulate memories = lawsuits on therapists for promoting false memories ex. study on food history inventory ; believers, maintained ratings after weeks. INCEPTION.
*Science shows that we remember much more traumatic events than posiitve memories.
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(Birnbaum) Which disorders were proven to be fetally expressed? (3) |
ASD (M12 molecule; neurogenesis, axiogenesis, neuron development) neurodevelopmental disorders (neurons) ; intellectual disability (CNS and cells projection) |
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(Birnbaum) Which disorders didn't have significant differences in pre or postnatal expression? |
Bipolar disorder and SCZ (controversial) |
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(Bustillo) What were the main results concerning glutamate/glutamine/other metabolites for the MRI studies? (4) |
- Glutamine and glutamate/glutamine ratio were positively correlated with SCZ group, with age and positive symptoms of SCZ - No significant difference for glutamate related measures - Reduced NAAc for SCZ smokers and no difference for nonsmokers (healthy or SCZ) and with age - Increased choline - Lower MATRICS composite scores for SCZ |
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(Whittle) Amygdala interaction with depression onset |
- Females : increased growth - Males: reduced growth - Time: only sig. for females - From mid to late adolescence only |
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(Whittle) Striatal region x depression onset (putamen, nucleus accumbens, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) |
Putamen: not significant after exclusion of those diagnosed before mid-adolescence; lack of pattern (in other studies found significant reduction) Nucleus accumbens: smaller for females only Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: thinning over time; no significance for any other structure
Significant interaction between striatal development and depression onset |
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(Whittle) Males and depression onset |
Significant reduction of volume for hippocampus, putamen and amygdala during adolescence |
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(Van Dam) GMV x CM x SUD |
Lower GMV in the left medial temporal lobe (hippocampal region) associated with CM - Region involved in neurogenesis - Higher risk for anxious temperament - Predictive of severity of relapse, not its likelihood ; but time to relapse was sig. shorter
Childhood adversity (CM included): predicts development of addictive disorders |
