Midterm

Front 1

1. The monk who sparked the Protestant Reformation was ___.

Back 1

Martian Luther

Front 2

2. According to the Pew Forum Religious Knowledge survey, ____ had the highest scores of those polled.

Back 2

Atheists and agnostics

Front 3

3. According to our textbook, critical thinking uses ____ to reach sound conclusions.

Back 3

Evidence and logic

Front 4

4. The problem-solving method that the textbook recommends involves _____.

Back 4

Surveying alternative solutions, evaluating proposed solutions and focusing on the problem

Front 5

5. According to the textbook, religion has gained an increasing role in public life and world affairs since the turn of the century. True or false

Back 5

TRUE

Front 6

6. According to our textbook, ignorance of religion leads to mistakes in American foreign policy. T/F

Back 6

TRUE

Front 7

7. _____ is a general form of reasoning that reaches a conclusion based on a premise.

Back 7

Deduction

Front 8

8. Founder of the Church of England whose action started the religious wars of England.

Back 8

King Henry the 8th

Front 9

9. According to the Pew Forum Religious Knowledge survey, those who had _____ scored the highest of those polled.

Back 9

taken a college religion course

Front 10

10. After 9/11, many scholars added ____ to the list of the characteristics of religious studies.

Back 10

relevent to public life

Front 11

11. According to our textbook, despite predictions that it would lose its impact in the modern world, religion still has an influence in human life today because religions ____.

Back 11

they are systems of meaning

Front 12

12. The belief that religion should be separated from public life is _____.

Back 12

Secularism

Front 13

13. Religious illiteracy refers to ____.

Back 13

Ignorance about religion

Front 14

14. The term "inference" in the phrase "Inference to the Best Explanation" refers to _____

Back 14

a conclusion based on what is assumed to be true

Front 15

15. Because it uses various branches of knowledge and scholarship, religious studies is _____.

Back 15

Mulitdisciplanary

Front 16

16. According to our textbook, religious studies treats religion as ______.

Back 16

a human endevor

Front 17

17. According to the textbook, the historical origin of the idea of the "separation of church and state" was a solution to the problem of ______

Back 17

Religious confilcts leading to war

Front 18

18. An American philosopher who explored the role of problem-solving in human life.

Back 18

C.S. Peirce

Front 19

19. According to our textbook, basic, effective problem-solving involves ______.

Back 19

Choosing among different solutions

Front 20

20. According to the textbook, religious studies is a good way to learn to look at human life from perspectives different from one's own because it is _____.

Back 20

cross cultural

Front 21

21. In the "Association Theory" of learning, to learn something new we must _____.

Back 21

Fit into the ideas that we already have

Front 22

22. The conclusion of our exercise about what makes an object religious is that religion involves elements that can be categorized as ______.

Back 22

actions beliefs and attitudes(feelings)

Front 23

23. The "Religionist" approach to the study of religion looks at religion _____.

Back 23

According to the way its adherents interpret and explain it

Front 24

24. As an approach to the study of religion, on the basic level theology assumes _____.

Back 24

The presuppositions of the particular religion that is being studied

Front 25

25. E. B. Tylor speculated that the origin of religion is found in the indigenous belief in spirits that inhabit the things of the material universe. This indigenous belief is called _____.

Back 25

Animism

Front 26

26. For Emilé Durkheim, the most revered emblem of a society that represents that group's life and solidarity is its ____.

Back 26

Totem

Front 27

27. The approach to the study of religion that seeks human explanations for religious phenomena without appealing to supernatural causes is _____.

Back 27

Naturalism

Front 28

28. The ideology that claims that all human knowledge comes through the observation of the senses and is tested by experimentation is ____

Back 28

Empiricism

Front 29

29. The basic problem that our textbook poses about the study of religion is ____.

Back 29

how to overcome our biases so that we are open to new information, ideas and viewpoints on religion

Front 30

30. John Locke upheld the right of ____as the basic right of believers.

Back 30

Individual conscience

Front 31

31. For Emilé Durkheim, the values, morals, customs, and beliefs that a society imposes on its members are so powerful that they are considered _____.

Back 31

social facts

Front 32

32. Some cultures believe that running water through a sieve will cause the sky to rain. This is an example of _____.

Back 32

Imitative magic

Front 33

33. Emilé Durkheim conducted a comparative study of suicide rates among Catholics, Jews, and Protestants. This study showed that ______ weakens in modern, secular society.

Back 33

The sense of belonging, group(Collective)Purpose, and social pressure to be moral

Front 34

34. Consider the idea that religion is primitive science. This idea assumes that human beings think the same basic ways regardless of the time, place, or culture. Religious scholars refer to this assumption as _____.

Back 34

the psyicic unity of the human race

Front 35

35. Which of these is an example of reification?

Back 35

True love', religion, the market, the american dream

Front 36

36. Rem Edwards suggested that there is no one essential characteristic that makes a set of beliefs and practices a "religion." Instead, he said that there are ______,

Back 36

family traits of religion

Front 37

37. According to our presentations, the basic view of the Enlightenment was that religion was ____.

Back 37

superstition

Front 38

38. According to our presentations, if magic is the origin of religion, the goal of magic in primitive societies is to ____.

Back 38

manipulate the forces of nature

Front 39

39. The social sciences are examples of _____ in the study of religion.

Back 39

Naturalism

Front 40

40. The Polynesians had never seen horses. When they first saw horses, they called them large "pigs." This is an example of the mistakes that ______ can make in learning.

Back 40

association of ideas

Front 41

41. Steven Pinker objected to a proposal that Harvard's general studies include a course requirement in "Reason and Faith." He said, “...the juxtaposition of the two words [reason and faith] makes it sound like ‘faith’ and ‘reason’ are parallel and equivalent ways of knowing, and we have to help students navigate between them." In this quotation, Pinker was objecting to the idea that _____.

Back 41

religious belief and scientific reasoning are different but both are valid ways of attaining knowledge

Front 42

42. According to our class exercises, ritual would be classified under what basic category of aspects of religion?

Back 42

Beliefs

Front 43

43. Empiricism uses ______ to gain knowledge.

Back 43

The five senses

Front 44

44. Some anthropologists say that religion is merely sophisticated magic. However, others claim that religion is a complex phenomenon. The critics of the theory that magic is the essence of religion say that those who hold this theory are engaging in_____.

Back 44

Reductionism

Front 45

45. The text calls the educational method of laying out dilemmas for students to solve _____.

Back 45

Problem based learning

Front 46

46. According to its critics, reductionism is an attempt to explain complex phenomena ____.

Back 46

By narrowing them down to a single cause or aspect

Front 47

47. The ____ approach to the study of religion focus on what religions do for human beings.

Back 47

functional

Front 48

48. According to Emilé Durkheim, the ____ have the most influence on modern human beings.

Back 48

Forces of society

Front 49

49. Max Mueller theorized that the basis of primitive religion was a fundamental mistake in language in which the names of natural forces like the sun, moon, rain, and wind became proper nouns (nouns that are capitalized like "Luna" for moon). This meant that the origin of religion was in _____.

Back 49

The forces of nature concieved as gods

Front 50

50. According to James Frazer, people started to believe in gods when _____.

Back 50

their control over nature did not work

Front 51

51. The period of time of the (Western) Enlightenment was roughly _____.

Back 51

the 1700's eightheenth cent

Front 52

52. The form of thinking that makes conclusions based on evidence from observations of the senses or from scientific experiment is ____.

Back 52

empiricism

Front 53

53. The approach that gives purely human reasons for the origin and development of religion without appealing to any supernatural causes is _____.

Back 53

Naturalism

Front 54

54. The science of the origin and development of human languages is called _____.

Back 54

Philology

Front 55

55. W. C. Clifford stated, “It is wrong in all cases to believe on insufficient evidence.” This statement is an example of the theory of ____.

Back 55

Evidentialism

Front 56

56. According to the textbook, ___ of Americans report that they “believe in God or a Universal Spirit.”

Back 56

over 90%

Front 57

57. The idea that “I have my beliefs and you have yours and neither one of us can prove that our beliefs are true or right” can be categorized as ____

Back 57

Fideism

Front 58

58. According to our textbook, the percentage of Americans who report that they believe in the devil has ___ since 1957.

Back 58

Increased

Front 59

59. The percentage of British who report belief in God, the devil, angels, and heaven and hell is ____than percentage of Americans.

Back 59

Lower

Front 60

60. The textbook reports that the trend in America and Great Britain in the last decade is that ___.

Back 60

Religious believing is staying about the same but belonging to institutions is decreaseing

Front 61

61. Over ____ of Americans report that they believe in at least two of the major paranormal phenomenon.

Back 61

60%

Front 62

62. Paranormal phenomena include ____

Back 62

ESP(extasensory perception) and haunted houses

Front 63

63. The ability to see into the past or future is ____.

Back 63

clairvoyance

Front 64

64. The claim that beliefs are self-justifying and need no further proof.

Back 64

Fidiesm

Front 65

65. According to believers, revelation claims authority because it comes from____.

Back 65

A trnasendent source

Front 66

66. According to believers, revealed truths often are given to specially chosen believers who ___

Back 66

Are in a special state of consciousness

Front 67

67. The attainment of profound insight from within the consciousness into the nature of reality is ____.

Back 67

Enlightenment

Front 68

68. Suppose someone claims to receive a new revelation of transcendent truth. The authority of that revelation will depend on whether ____

Back 68

It is received by a believing community of followers

Front 69

69. The Magererium and ulamā are examples of the authority of ____.

Back 69

Religious institutions

Front 70

70. According to our textbook, religious experience is ____.

Back 70

Direct and immediate like having a headache

Front 71

71. According to our textbook, a problem with justifying the truth-claims of religion by religious experience is that religious experiences___.

Back 71

Alone cannot justify belief since not all experiences can be trusted

Front 72

72. The conclusion that Anthony Flew made to his “Parable of the Gardener” is that an invisible gardener who cannot be proven by empirical evidence is ____.

Back 72

The same as no gardener at all

Front 73

73. Anthony Flew’s “Parable of the Gardener” is an example of ____

Back 73

Evidentialism

Front 74

74. Suppose that a child says “There is a monster under my bed.” The parent looks under the bed and says, “Nope, there’s no monster there.” In the terms of Anthony Flew, the parents reply is an example of ____ reasoning

Back 74

Emperical

Front 75

75. Suppose that a child says, “There is a monster under my bed.” The parent looks under the bed and says, “Nope, there’s no monster there.” The child says, “No, the monster hides when someone looks under the bed and no one can see it.” In the terms of Antony Flew, the child’s reply is an example of _____ reasoning.

Back 75

Nonsensical

Front 76

76. According to our textbook, the logical flaw in Clifford statement, “It is wrong in all cases to believe on insufficient evidence.” is that _____,

Back 76

It applies to every statement but itself. So it is based on a premise that lacks sufficent evidence.

Front 77

77. According to Armand Nicolai and Langdon Gilkey, the ultimate question of deity arises in human experience when human beings _____

Back 77

try to conceive the foundation of the fundamental order of the universe

Front 78

78. The following are examples of the justification of religious belief by appeal to ____: Magisterium, Ulamā:. Sampradāyas, and Presbyteries”

Back 78

Revelation and faith

Front 79

79. According to our class discussions, “to verify” is to _____.

Back 79

Test a truth-claim by evidence

Front 80

80. Western views of human freedom conceive freedom as ___.

Back 80

Unlimited choices and power to determine one's own destiny

Front 81

81. According to our class discussion, faith is ____.

Back 81

Trust in something or someone that you turst

Front 82

82. The view that the world has two coequal and often co-eternal powers that are opposed to each other is ____.

Back 82

dulism

Front 83

83. In Western Christianity since Augustine, ___ explains the corruption of human nature.

Back 83

original sin

Front 84

84. In Hinduism and Buddhism, karma is ____

Back 84

all action has an inevitable and necessary result. Another action

Front 85

85. The idea that suffering is a mystery known only to God, this view represents a ______ theory of suffering.

Back 85

Divine soverignty

Front 86

86. The view of suffering that says that suffering is a test of one's character and a way of building character is the approach of _____.

Back 86

Learning Theory

Front 87

87. According the Paul Tillich’s Method of Correlation described in the textbook, an “ultimate” question is ____

Back 87

Answered by different religions, important and significant, the last question in a series of questions

Front 88

88. According to our theory, the “human condition” that answers to ultimate questions addresses is _____.

Back 88

transcendent values; sickness and death

Front 89

89. Eastern views of human freedom conceive freedom as ___.

Back 89

Liberation from the endless cycles of birth, life, death, and rebirth

Front 90

90. According to Tom Rice, research has found that believers in “traditional” religious beliefs are ____.

Back 90

not predictable. The research is inconclusive

Front 91

91. According to Carl Jung, the clusters of psychic energy that are templates for the images of our dreams and myths are _____.

Back 91

Projections

Front 92

92. According to our presentations, the best way to understand symbols and myths is by _____.

Back 92

studying them in the context of ritual and its system of meaning

Front 93

93. In the view of Wittgenstein, meaning is “contextual.” This means that the meaning of a word or symbol _____.

Back 93

is understood by its use within a situation or setting

Front 94

94. Suppose that you are joining a fraternity or sorority and have to go through a ritual of initiation into the group. In the thought of Victor Turner, the ritual initiation is a time of “liminality” when you are _____.

Back 94

are vulnerable and open to the teachings of the group, are bonded together with your fellow initiates, and are subjected to behaviors that are opposite of the typical norms of social behavior

Front 95

95. According to Victor Turner and his theory of “liminality,” the basic purpose of ritual is to _____.

Back 95

Transform individuals so they have a new identity and character.

Front 96

96. According to the theory of Victor Turner, the state of “liminality” is a state of _____.

Back 96

being inbetween two states of being or consciousness

Front 97

97. The practice of destroying symbolic representations (symbols, statues, icons, shrines, etc.) because they are seen as idol worship is called _____.

Back 97

iconoclasm

Front 98

98. According to C.S. Peirce, the association between the signifier (symbol) and signified (what the symbol stands for) is given by ____.

Back 98

social convention

Front 99

99. Indigenous peoples of Papua, New Guinea make ceremonial masks representing the spirits. They carefully make sure that women and children do not see them making or putting on the masks. They want the women and children to _____.

Back 99

Believe that the sybol(mask) and what it symbolixes are one and the same

Front 100

100. According to C. S. Peirce, the connection between the signifier (symbol) and the signified (meaning) depends on ____

Back 100

the interpreter

Front 101

101. The Intellectualist School of interpretation of myths treats myths as _____.

Back 101

attempts of primitive peoples to explain the realities of the world around them.

Front 102

102. The myths that tell how realities came to be are _____.

Back 102

Myths of orgin

Front 103

103. The signifier (symbol) and signified (what the symbol stands for) of representational symbols _____.

Back 103

is separate so their association is arbitary

Front 104

104. Myths are different from symbols because _____.

Back 104

Myths are narratives or stories that use symbols

Front 105

105. The Native America Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) mandates ____.

Back 105

Museums and university departments must provide an inventory of all human remains, funeral artifacts, and other items of cultural heritage to the tribes that may claim them as their own

Front 106

106. The Romantic interpretation of myth associated with Rudolf Otto, Mircea Eliade, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge assumes that myth speaks about _____.

Back 106

a separate but true order of reality that exists alongside of the material world known by the senses

Front 107

107. The view that a religious symbol ritually becomes what it represents and so conveys spiritual realities to those who use them is ____.

Back 107

Sacramental

Front 108

108. The Sufi order of mystics (including the “Whirling Dervishes) is founded in the religion of _____.

Back 108

Islam

Front 109

109. The whirling of the Sufi “Whirling Dervishes” is meant to achieve _____.

Back 109

A disorinatation of the ordinary senses of perception and a sense of unity conceived as union with god

Front 110

110. According to Zuesse’s definition of ritual, rituals involve actions that are_____.

Back 110

Repetitious(repeated)

Front 111

111. According to Joseph Campbell (The Power of Myth) and Carl Jung (Man and His Symbols) the psychological interpretation of myths is the only way that modern people can understand myths. The psychological interpretation of myth and symbols _____.

Back 111

Probes into the psyches of prehistoric and primitive peoples

Front 112

112. Suppose a child cannot go to sleep at night unless certain bedtime rituals are carried out. If some action of the bedtime ritual is skipped or done out of sequence, the child becomes extremely upset. This type of behavior might explain the origin of ritual in ____.

Back 112

Psycological compulsion

Front 113

113. The view of Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and some Protestants that in sacred rituals the earthly element (symbol) becomes the spiritual reality (its meaning) is a ____ view of symbolism.

Back 113

sacramental

Front 114

114. In the dispute over the Native Hawaiian spear rest given in the textbook, the Native Hawaiians were seemingly successful in changing the meaning of the sacred object by ____.

Back 114

Changing the context to a ritual setting

Front 115

115. A well-known picture of the aftermath of the attack on the World Trade Center is a picture of firemen raising the flag at the site of the “Pile” of the ruins of the Twin Towers. Is it representational or presentational according to the categories of the textbook?

Back 115

Presintational