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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cretaceous period = Age of Dinosaurs
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Something happened, caused a change
KT Boundary |
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Cenozoic Era |
Age of mammals
Mammals invade niches vacated by dinosaurs Adaptive radiation
Not arboreal, antisocial, not arboreal |
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Epochs of Cenozoic |
Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene |
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The tree shrews - Order Scandentia |
At one time thought to be primates, not Yes: Cranial blood supply similar to pms, post orbital bar, tooth comb No: Claws, 2133/3133, Auditory bulla NOT from petrous bone, greatly englared medial epocondial (digging behavior, not assoc with pms) |
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Flying lemurs - order demoptera - |
sister taxon, order - taken from molecular genetics |
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Fruit bat (flying fox) = megachiroptera |
who cares |
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WIlliam King Gregory - Archonta (super order) now Euarchonta |
includes pms, scandentia, dermoptera - these are more closely related than anything else |
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Paleocene - |
proto or archaic primates ^ reliance on vision, ^ reliance on manipulative abilities, more acrobatic locomotion, canine sexual dimporhism -> more complex social lives Two main groups: Adapoids, Omomyoids |
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Plesiadapiformes - |
order of extinct mammals, very successful, found in NA, EU, AS - NO POB
Carpolestids, saxonellids, paromomyids, pleisadapis, PURGATORIUS
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Plesiadapiform Features (and why not PMS) |
"archaic primates" Molars with low cusps Claws No opposable thumbs Long snout - smell! Orbits facing laterally No POB Very small brain |
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Carpolestids - |
blade like p4 -(in one case) angiosperm hypothesis - divergent thumb and big toe - beginning to develop PM like limbs before any other adaptations began above the neck. Big toe - nail instead of claw - getting to food more important than sight development -evolution (tooth gets larger over time, same with saxonelids) |
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Saxonelids - |
-blade like p3 -evolution (tooth gets larger over time, same with saxonelids) |
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Paromomoyids - |
tusk like lower central incisor helped establish that PLEI did not have petrosul bulla - not PM |
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Plesiadapids - |
complete skulls small brain/skull type form for order lateral orbits, long prognastic snout |
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Phenacolemur - |
skull with preserved part of bula, NOT from petrosal bone so not PM |
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Ancestor-Descendent Principle |
More teeth <-> Less teeth |
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Purgatorius - |
DF 3143 - Ursolestes - bigger than other purgs found, more diverse radiation that previously thought Old view - had few arboreal affinities Move to trees started early and important for PM evolution |
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Primate Origins - Theories (be able to explain) 1. Arboreal Theory2. Herbivory Theory 3. Visual Predation Theory 4. Angiosperm Exploitation Theory |
1. Arboreal Theory
2. Herbivory Theory 3. Visual Predation Theory 4. Angiosperm Exploitation Theory |
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Arboreal Theory |
Cant be it, other viable feautures not associate with PM present (ex. squirrels) |
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1. Herbivory Theory |
Selection for features to eat herbacious vegetation Problem: high crested sheain crests not present in early PMS |
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1. Visual Predation Theory |
PMS occurred because immediate ancestor of PM became visual predators - esp insectivorous diets/predation Problem would expect more PMS to be visual predators |
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1. Angiosperm Exploitation Theory |
Angiosperms (flowering plants and fruit) evolved concurrently with PMS PMS evolved to be fruit and flower eaters, and elements attracted to angiosperm (ex. bugs) In order to get food at the ends of limbs, need grasping hands and feet -dont need to be visual predator s o orbital convergence would evolve after evolution of hands and feet in fossil record |
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What happened to plesiadapiforms? |
- all PLEI go extinct, not due to climate or comp with PM or bats. Most likely rise of rodents killed off PLEI |
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Eocene - 54-34 MYA |
Euprimates = primates of modern aspect vs. Archaic primates |
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list of features distingushing PLEI from EU (adapoids and omomyoids) Fossil prosimians I: The Adapoids |
PLEI: Long narrow snout, no POB, small brain, large incisors, claws, no opp hallux, diastema |
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Fossil prosimians I: The Adapoids |
Most with 3133 Molars with low cusps Claws No opposable thumbs Long snout indicating... Lateral orbits No POB Small Brain most primitive |
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Notharctines (Notharctus) |
Adapoid Up to 8kg Fused symphysis Shearing crests Dimorphic canines No diastema Sophisticated leaper (low imi) |
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Smilodectes |
Adapoid Short snout: Ct scans reveal expanded visual cortex and reduce olfactory bulb |
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Cercamoniidae |
Old world only, primarily dental remains 100-1500kg, great dietary diversity Oldest adapoid 2143 |
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Caenopithecidae |
"Cosmopolitan collection" - NA, AF, AS, EU Afradapids - from AF - 2123 Shearing crests - folivore Loris like - slow climber |
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Adapidae |
Sivaladapidae - a miocene adapid - lasted well after others had gone extinct Siamoadapis - 13 mya in thailand, another adapoid that hung on well after others, lviing side by side with apes "The overall anatomical similarity between adapoids and prosimians clealy demonstrates that lemurs (at least) have retained many aspects of an adapoid like morphology for nearly 60 MYA but at present there is little evidence demonstrating a unique phylogenic..." -> NOT NECESSARILY DESCENDENT |
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Two curious fossils that may connect the dots between PLEI and Adapoids - |
Alitialsius and Altanius |
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Other prosimians living that are living but not found on Madagascar? |
Loris and Bushbaby "The potto and bushbabies" Mioeuoticus - a fossil loris from the early Miocene Komba - a fossil galago from early Miocene Point being although we have old adapoids in other parts of the world we dont have old fossils for galagos and pottos |
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Adapoids |
long snout compared to Omomyoids |
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WHAT MAKES A TARSIER A TARSIER |
long hindlimbs, large hands and feet, unfused mand sym, bell shaped arcade , tib and fib connection |
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Strepsirhines v Haplorhines - |
tarsiers put in haplorhines |
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Omomyoids |
Asia oldest, NA - very diverse, Eu - younger and less diverse, AF - none so far General features 1. Reduced df - most have 3 or fewer promolars |
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Types of Omomyoids |
Anaptomorphines Omomyines Mircochoerines Tarsiidae Archicebidae |
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Fossil Tarsiers of the Ologocene |
- egypt 32mya, thailand 20mya |
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Lemurs and Lorisis - |
olfactory nerves between orbits, Tarsiers, monkeys and apes and omomyoids - over inter-orbital septum |
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What are omomyoids? |
Reduced dental formula: must have 3 or fewer premolars Disparity in incisor sizeL central is larger (and canine is smaller) Unfused mand. Sym. (always) Short skulls with narrow snout (tarsier-like) Incipient post-orbital closure Palate is bell-shaped Larger orbits... suggest nocturnality Tibia and fibula connection |
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archiebus achilles |
- great candidate for higher primates (including tarsiers) - ankle that ran along tops of branches like monkeys - dirnal
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Tellhardinia
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only Anapt. Found in North America, Europe and Asia – 55.6 mya * Width of metaconid on lower p4 - gets bigger over time - oldest tel. were in Asia, youngest in Wyoming based on crest on metaconid and location of finds -> Dispersal scenario: Asia -> Europe -> Wyoming* Oldest primate in NA * Older than Euro. * Thus different dispersal scenario - New fossil evidence suggest the primate Tel. originated in Asia, dispersed across the North Atlantic land bridge connecting Greenland with Europe, and then back to Europe |
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Tetronius
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Tetonius - remarkably reduced smell * Small size, eats insect, <= 300g* Many omomy have prognathinc lower incisors A key circulatory feature shared by tarsiers and anthropoids : right (external) and left (internal branches come off the) common carotid artery Concerned with internal (goes to brain): Circulation to brain and middle ear |
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Omomyines
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* Predominantly N.Am. radiation with a few Asian representatives
* probably derives from some anaptomorphine ancestor * larger and later than anaptomorphines * adaptive shift from insects to fruit and leaves |
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Shoshonius
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big orbits, flat faced, decent sized brain * Shoshonius skull base has evidence that blood to brain was getting there from promontory branch, ind. close relationship to tarisers - carotid circulation similar to tarsier(tarsier) Auditory bulla very similar to (tarsier) |
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Rooneyia
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* probably diurnal, good sized brain case, found in Texas
* Very modest olfactory region * bell shaped dental arcade |
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Ekgmowcheashala
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Sioux for "small fox man" * Survived as early as 25 mya (Oligocene)* Last known primate to inhabit North America prior to humans |
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Microchoerines |
* Probably derived from some anapomorphines.
* Mid-late eocene of western eurpe * 2133/2033 * Four genera * canine like incisor for puncturing prey |
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What do fossils do? |
1. Provides temportal framework (single even or pattern over time) 2. Show primitive and intermediate forms 3. Adaptive changes 4. Record of past life |
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Cantius |
Adapoid 2143 Sm-med (1-3 kg) has POB unfused mand sym probably frugivorous, diurnal, arboreal, quad |
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Messel Pit |
A caenopithecid from messel -nothing above waists, uncategorized assumed adapid Grooming claw enormous phalcula - penis bone - social implication |
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Omomyoids v Adapoids |
Ada - Small central and lateral incisors Large canines Long snout Small eyes Palate is an arc Arboreal quadrupeds with some good leapers
Omo- Incisor size disparity Small canines Shorter snout Large eyes Palate broadens posteriorly Great leapers |
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Necrolemur |
Necrolemur is a Mircochoerines * 2133/2033* 1. long tarsal bones * 3 peronal muscles - one to worry about is "peroneos longus" - connected to long tendon that runs along sole of foot to attach to base of first metatarsal - helps to get big toe out of way to avoid snagging when time comes to leap |
