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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biological Development Graph |
The trend here is that puberty is the start to adulthood. The significance is that in 1860 puberty began at age 15 compared to 12.6 beginning in 2000. |
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What is the cell body of the neuron? |
It is the cell's life support center |
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What is the role of the dendrites of a neuron? |
It is to receive messages from other cells |
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What is the purpose of the terminal branches of axon of the neuron? |
To form junctions with other cells
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What is the purpose of the axon of an neuron? |
It passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
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What is the purpose of the neural impulse in a neuron? |
Action potential electrical signal traveling down the axon |
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What is the purpose of the myelin sheath in a neuron? |
Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses |
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Neuron Diagram |
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How does a neuron communicate? |
1) Electrical impulses (action potentials) travel down an neuron's axon until reaching a tiny junction known as a synapse. 2) When an action potential reaches an axon terminal, it stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules. These molecules cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. This allows electrically charged atoms to enter the receiving neuron and excite or inhibit a new action potential. 3) The sending neuron normally reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules, a process called reuptake |
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What happens when neural connections are used?When they are not used? |
Changing habits is hard for us! So much hard to change it! Be aware of it and change it! Pathways not used = pruned.
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What is synaptic pruning? |
The process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die. |
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What are the implications? |
Average age of onset for Schizophrenia: 16-30 Feinberg Hypothesis Studies shown--> marijuana |
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What is the dopamine hypothesis? |
It suggests that if you have too dopamine it's to schizophernia or too little---> resembles to Parkinson's disease |
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What is the relationship between synaptic pruning and schizophrenia?
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Research suggests that there is some sort of connection between schizophrenia and synaptic pruning (Potentially affecting the dopaminergic system and prefrontal cortex) |
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What were the main takeaways of The Mysterious Workings of theAdolescent Brain Ted Talk of Sarah-Jayne Blakemore of University College,London? |
Prefrontal cortex- involved in decision making, planning, inhibiting inappropriate behavior, social interactions, executive functioning, and impulse control which is related to risk taking |
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What were the main takeaways of The Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain Ted Talk of Sarah-Jayne Blakemore of University College, London? |
Adolescent----> adult's brain look different in terms of development and function differently (e.g. rely on different neural structures) to approach the same/similar tasks |
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What were the main takeaways of The Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain Ted Talk of Sarah-Jayne Blakemore of University College, London? |
The Limbic system- reward processing, (more developed in adults), but is hypersensitive to adolescents develops earlier-on |
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What were the main takeaways of The Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain Ted Talk of Sarah-Jayne Blakemore of University College, London? |
In adolescents the limbic system is more developed than the prefrontal cortex as compared to adults |
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What is the EA (emerging adulthood) Brain? |
Brain Research Funding The most incomplete structure at birth The baby brain is not like a small adult brain EA brain operates differently Brain is developing overtime Brain is only 40% of the size of capacity at birth (developed) |
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What are some facts regarding the brain? |
Ratio for humans: onegram brain matter per 44grams of weight Einstein’s brain wasunder-weight (2.71 lbs) But… had moreconnections (more synaptic connections per brain mass) |
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How is the brain built? |
From the cellar to the attic From the back to the front Starting with mostimportant survivalfeatures From the brain stem to outward and forward |
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Judgement Last to Develop Diagram |
The dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex is the last area in the brain to develop. (In charge of "executive functions"). |
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How is judgement implicated in adolescence? |
When one is a teenager the brain is only about 80% done in term of maturity The other 20% is developed from adolescence to EA is the wiring of the synaptic connection and pruning |
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Discuss the extra brain information? |
At this point our brain is like a pie. In other words, our brains are still mushy in the middle. We can still grow! The prefrontal cortex separates us from primates. |
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Why is the brain not like other eras? |
Over-abundance of gray matter (Neurons that make the basic building blocks of the brain). Under-supply of white matter (connective wiring that helps the brain communicate). |
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What is the trend of the graph regarding grey and white matter of the brain? |
Over-abundance of grey matter under supply of white matter the number and type of synapses change as we age |
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What is the trend between the excitatory and inhibitory synapses? |
Excitatory peaks in childhood and inhibitory develops in adulthood. |
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What was the finding of the Go No-Go Test of Inhibition? Where the conditiond were to: Press the button (“go” response) when the green targetappears and Press nothing (“no go” response) when blue target appears? |
The finding of this study found that accuracy was lower in adolescents compared to adults because the excitatory system is at a peak during adolescence. |
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What is the EA Cognition review? |
According to Piaget: Post Formal Thought • Practical, flexible, less black and white, dialectical • Better at using both subjective and objectivethought |
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What is the objective versus subjective thought? |
Objective: based on fact (not influenced by the thinker’sexperiences, thoughts, culture, goals, etc.) Subjective: influenced by personal biases |
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What are some common cognitive errors? |
Prospective Memory (intention to do something later) Multi-tasking (e.g., selfie deaths)- it is a false concept when the thing you want to focus on requires cognitives processes. It requires actual focus, but you can't focus by "multitasking." |
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What are some common cognitive errors? |
Delay Discounting- we under value, reduce, or ignore the immediate ramifications. We under estimate the time it takes to do things. Overestimating the ability and one's ability. Bennet Barber and the sunk cost fallacy. in other words, "I have gone this far, must keep going if it's _________ of your attention |
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How is the brain built? |
From the bottom to the top |
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What type of matter do EA have the most? |
EA have more grey matter than white matter |
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What type of era is EA? |
EA is typically a healthy era - Immune systems are well developed - Biologically a time for child birth and manual labor |
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Muscle growth and fat accumulation continues until when? |
They continue until the early 20s |
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Examples of EA's immune system going well? |
Normal Blood pressure No new cavities Steady heart rate |
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What does the research show about EA in the healthy era? |
It shows that you look amazing Looking good is very important Spend more money on clothes and shoes The body is at a peak performance and you look the part |
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Why do people in EA tend to look good? |
To attract a mate |
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What is the physical attractiveness stereotype? |
Over arching approval Les likely to be convicted of a crime They do better in interviews Perceived as more sociable Perceived as happier Perceived as more successful |
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People in EA are so healthy that... |
The CDC fails to acknowledge them |
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People in emerging adulthood are unlikely to die of sickness or ongoing health reasons |
True |
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Are people in EA risk free? |
NO |
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What are the top three causes of death in EA? Ages 15-24 and 25-34 are the same on this chart. |
1: Unintentional injury 2: Suicide 3: Homicide *know in order |
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What are the three topics that Katherine Berger covered? |
Organ Reserve Homeostasis Allostasis |
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What is organ reserve? |
Reservability to function beyond the usual needs. 20 year old can pump 10 times |
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How much will the reservability decline after age 30? |
1% Is lost every year after age 30 |
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What is homeostasis? |
Refers to the adjustment of all the body's systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium. It is more effective during EA years |
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What is allostasis? |
A dynamic body adjustment, related to homeostasis that affects overall physiology over time. |
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What are some of the recommendations to have a better future, when you are an EA? |
Exercise Nutrition Sexual health-best practices |
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Explain why exercise creates a better future for EA? |
Sitting time correlates with chronic illness including diabetes and heart disease |
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What is the CARDIA study? |
Looking at heart arteries 4,000 participants in EA. Those who were least fit were more likely to develop heart disease and diabetes. |
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Explain why nutrition is creates a better future for those in EA. |
Early childhood nutrition can affect the years of EA, as the nutrition in EA can affect middle-adulthood. |
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What percentage of EA are within a normal BMI? |
About 50%. (33% for people aged 25-65) EA usually eat less fat |
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What do nutrition experts say? |
More fruits and veggies |
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Parent-child relationships. |
Emerging adults begin to see their parents in a different light. Perhaps taking into perspective their views as actual people with hurts, needs, preferences, flaws, and strengths. Emerging adults tend to get along with their parents. |
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Why is the relationship shift crucial? |
Accepting responsibility for yourself Making independent decisions Becoming financially independent. |
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What is the technological opportunity regarding parent child relationship? |
The ability to stay in contact with parents is easier. |
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What percentage of EA parents report getting along better with their EA child? |
66% |
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What percentage of EA parents report to having more adult conversations with their EA child? |
80% |
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What percentage of emerging adult parent's report to having more conflict with their EA child? |
16% |
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What percentage of American emerging adults agreed with this statement: I would prefer to live independently of my parents even if that means living tight." |
3/4 (75%) |
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Why is it that distance creates closeness? |
It decreases day to day friction Highlight reel, which is when you see your parents on days that are fun aka holidays. Less taking each other for granted. |
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What percentage of parents are happy when their EA move out? |
90% of them. 61% of parents say they are happier because they have more time for themselves. 60% say they are happier because they have more time for themselves. If you are the oldest child, then stats are different |
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Explain the importance of choosing well. |
Picking the right partner, someone with the same goal, occupation, SES. Regardless of the approach, the end goal should be the same (both in the same boat kind of thing.) |
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What are the potential pitfall(내제 되어있는) 위험s? |
A time for exploration Habits become harder to get rid of Tend to replicate that which we already do or know People tend to replicate things that they do in their younger years. Choose Your Family Invest in Creating Healthy Patterns NOW |
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What is the age 30 deadline? |
It is a fallacy(틀린 생각) that tends to hit you. This happens in the 20s, basically when we think that doing things after 30 is impossible. Age 30 is like THE age. If we don't finish with our degree we feel behind. If people aren't married by then, they feel like no one will want them after. |
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What is the age 30 bait and switch? |
Telling people not to worry too much. Take the time that you need, etc. (This is happening now in EA) |
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What is the novelty effect(신규성 영향)? |
Gives the example of how you might be somewhere exotic and you think you have fallen in love with someone there, but then in reality, everything is because of the "novelty" effect of where you're at the moment. So basically your mind is tricking you into believing that maybe the guy is "the one." |
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What does it mean to be Choosy? |
Be selective with the type of relationships, friendships, and where to place your attention. Make sure that those who are around you fulfill your needs. If it is not happening, then make sure to change that. |
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What does Meg Jay mean when she says to invest in creating healthy patterns? |
She says that this is a great time for shifting patterns, and to learn many things, as this is the age in which one can still change one's habits. |
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What does it mean to choose your family? |
Being specific as on what you want as far as friends and people you are romantically partnered with. |
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What is the cohabitation effect. |
2 out of 3 20-somethings report cohabitation to be a good way to avoid divorce. This belief is wrong(실제로 동거가 결혼생활을 망친다) |
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What does the chart say about cohabitation? |
From 1987-2013, more people are living with their partners prior to making a clear mutual commitment. 19-24 = 29(1987) -> 65(2013) 25-29 = 10(1989) -> 37(2013) |
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What is the triangular theory of love by Stenberg? |
Intimacy Passion Commitment |
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What is intimacy? |
Closeness, warmth, bondness |
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What is passion? |
Drive towards romance, connection |
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What is commitment? |
The degree to which you intend to be with that person in the long run |
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What are the two most important parts of the triangle? |
Intimacy and commitment are the most important. |
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What is consumer lock-in? |
The degree to which it is difficult to change dire flow. I.e., meeting someone on the net, moving to be with that person, but then realizing that you don't like him. Then you come to the "I've already gone this far, so I might as well keep going," conclusion. |
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What can you do to avoid consumer lock in? |
Get clearer on commitment. Plan on re-evaluation. Say "Let's stay together for X amount of time, after that, we can see if we're still making it work." |
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What is identity vs role confusion? |
Erikson's 5th stage, which goes from adolescence into age 18. Marked by the development of self on a personal identity and if it is not resolved there will be uncertainty about personal orientations. Self-referential / self-focused Erikson believed that if you don't separate yourself from other people you get stuck and it will last into adulthood |
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What is intimacy vs isolation |
Erickson 6th stage ages 19 - 40 Marked by attempts to create intimate, loving relationships (to have real, authentic connections)If not resolved = loneliness and isolation bad connections = lonely and isolated real authentic mature. |
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What are the benefits of good relationships? |
Good relationships keep us happier and healthier. |
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How many Americans report to feeling lonely? |
1 in 5 |
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Who fares best? |
Those who lean into relationships |
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Explain the Harvard Grant Study? |
Harvard Grant Study 724 men 75 years (long)Looked at life, work life, etc. Participants didn't know how their life would turn out. 60 of 724 still alive and still participating in the study. 2,000 children of these men are currently being studied one group -> Harvard grads other group-> boys from Boston who were extremely disadvantaged. Participants turned out to be: Factories workers, US President, etc Areas looked at: medical records, interviews, brain scans, talk to children, and videotape themlessons-> good relationships keep us happier |
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What were the findings of the Harvard Grant Study? |
Main Findings Harvard Grant Study: “Good relationships keep us happier and healthier” • “People who are more socially connected to family to friends,to community are happier. They’re physically healthier andlive longer than people who are less well connected.” • “People who are more isolated nd that they are lesshappy,their health declines earlier, their brain declines soonerand they live shorter lives…” • “It’s the quality of your close relationships that matters.” |
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What is the an affordance(행동 유도성) of EA? |
• Taking time to develop intimacy skills is a unique benetof EA • Not available to previous cohorts in the same way • Most evident in the context of romantic relationships |
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What are the historical expectations? |
• Social norms regarding marriage change over time • Historical models of romantic connection • Courting • Dating • (Relatively) Young marriage |
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What does it mean to be dating as a data |
• Dating as a way of discovering what you do and don’t like • Serial Monogamy: a series of exclusive sexualrelationships. • Polyamory: multiple partners (sexual or otherwise) |
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What are the internet dating graphs? |
18-24 age group 2013 = 10% 18-24 age group 2015 = 27% 25- 34 age group 2013 = 22% 25-34 age group 2015 = 22% |
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Regardless of How and Where. |
• There are ways to increase the value of your dating andconnective experiences. |