Microbiology Unit 1 Study Guide

Front 1

Define microbiology

Back 1

the study of microscopic organisms

Front 2

Define bacteriology:

Back 2

Bacteriology is the study of bacteria

Front 3

Define Virology

Back 3

Virology is the study of viruses

Front 4

Define: parasitology, helminthology, phycology, mycology, medical entomology and immunology.

Back 4

Parasitology is the study of parasites. Helminthology is the study of worms, especially parasitic worms.

Phycology is the study of algae. Mycology is the study of fungus.

Medical entomology and immunology is the study of insects and arthropods that infect humans, and the study of how the immune system works.

Front 5

The student should be able to discuss the "omnipresence" of bacteria and other microorganisms, in the general environment.

Back 5

In the general environment, bacteria and other microorganisms reside in and on everything. They are in us, in our water, on our skin, and under our hair. Almost everywhere we touch we touch a microorganism. Bacteria and microorganisms can be both helpful to us (like the bacteria that is helping us digest our food), or harmful to us (like the tapeworm that lives off our digestive system and consumes our nutrients).

Front 6

he student should be able to describe the historical development of microbiology as a science.

Back 6

In 1590 Hans Janssen developed the principle of the microscope. In 1850 Ignaz Semmelweis observed high incidence of puerperal sepsis (childbed fever) . He incuraged hospital worker to was their hands.

Front 7

The student should be able to identify the following names and associated contributions to microbiology: van Leeuwenhoek, Linnaeus, Jenner, Pasteur, Koch, Ehrlich, Fleming, Griffith, Beadle & Tatum, Avery, Watson & Crick, Jacob & Monod, and Berg.

Back 7

van Leeuwenhoek made a description of "animalcules", erythrocytes, sperm, life history of yeast, and embryology of fresh water mussels. Linnaeus.... Jenner..... Pasteur is called the father of microbiology who was actually trained as a chemist. He disproved abiogenesis, researched the cause of wine spoilage, used pasteurization to kill organisms in wine. Koch developed his postulates in showing that a specific bacillus caused anthrax, he developed a technique for isolation bacteria in pure culture, he isolated the organism causing tuberculosis. Ehrlich invented vital stain, humoral immunity, and antimicrobial agent (salvearsan). Fleming discovered Penicillium notatum or otherwise called penicillin. Griffith developed a process of transformation. Beadle & Tatum did experiments on red bread mold (Neurospora crassa) spores. Avery Worked out the nature of transforming factor. Watson & Crick recongnized the nolecular structure of DNA. and Berg took cell-free extracts of E.coli and added them radioactively amino acids and crude samples of RNA from a variety of cell sources (all of the RNA's stimulated protein synthesis and synthesized a polypeptide).

Front 8

The student should be able to identify and describe some of the problems encountered by early microbiologists

Back 8

The early Microbiologist did not have any microscopes, they could not see what they needed too. Technology was not advanced, making progress slower.

Front 9

The student should be able to define: abiogenesis, fermentation and germ theory.

Back 9

Abiogenesis is the creation of life from non living elements. Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, but also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation. The germ theory of disease states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease. "Germ" may refer to not just a bacterium, but also a protist, fungus, virus, prion, or viroid.

Front 10

The student should be able to define: taxonomy, identification, nomenclature, and classification.

Back 10

Taxonomy is the scientific study of the classification of living organisms. Nomenclature (binomial) is the naming a thing with two names (first the genus and then the species). It must be latin, genus capitalized/species lower case, and discoverer gets to name it. Classification of organisms envolves classifying and organism by domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

Front 11

The student should be able to list and provide example of the ordinals of classifictions: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order family, genus, species.

Back 11

There are three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. There are four kingdoms in domain eukarya which are Protista, fungi, animalia, and plantae. The Phylums are subchatigories of the kingdoms, like in kingdom animalia there is a phylum Platyhelminthes. the next step in the taxon system is the class of the organism. The class is a subcategory of the phylum, like in Phylum Platyhelminthes, there is a class called Trematoda (flukes). After class there is order, then family, then genus, the species.

Front 12

Bacteria

Back 12

Domain bacteria has prokaryotic cells (before nucleus), no mebrane surrounding organells, single circular molecule of DNA without histone proteins. They are unicellular, cell wall of peptidogylcan, cell membrane contains phospholipids. they are unicellular

Front 13

Eukarya

Back 13

Domain Eukarya are eukaryotic organisms (with nucleus). the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which separates the genetic materia from the outer cell. The genetic materia is a multiple linear molecule, with histone proteins. It has membrane bound organelles. If the cell wall is present, it never has peptidoglycan. Cell membranes contain phospholipids. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis and cytokinesis.

Front 14

Domain Archaea

Back 14

Domain Archaea is the weird domain with the misilaneous organisms. They are like bacteria in that they are prokaryotic and unicellular. Like the eukaryotic cells the cell walls are don’t have peptoglyclan. there cell membrane has a phospholipids. They are characterized by unusual metabolism (the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life).