Microbiology Test 1

Front 1

Define Bacteria

Back 1

- Prokaryotes
- lack a formal double membrane bound nucleus
- lack double membrane bound intracellular organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi, etc...)
- single celled/unicellular
- oldest micro organisms on earth
- ubiquitious in nature
- found in fresh and marine water, soil. and in or on other organisms likes plants and animals

Front 2

Define Algae

Back 2

- unicellular (single-celled) usually or colonial
- photosynthesis
- phyto- plankton component (plant-plankton)
- primary food producer in the food chain
- reproduce sexually and assexually
- found in fresh & marine waters

Front 3

Define Fungi

Back 3

- no photosynthesis, sedentary. absorb nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes and breaking down dead organic matter
- primary decomposers, release carbon to create carbon dioxide
- reproduces sexually and asexually
- found in fresh & marine waters

Front 4

Define Protista

Back 4

- relatively large, single celled
- comprise of zooplankton (animal component)
- part of the primary food producers
- ingest nutrients
- found as free living or parasits in plants, animals & insects
- reproduce sexually & asexually
- found in fresh & marine waters, and moist soil

Front 5

Define Viruses

Back 5

- acellular,particles
- consist of an outer coat of protein and inner core of nucleic acid
- always invasive
- described as obligate intracellular parasites
- cause disease when replicated inside a susceptible host cell
- outside of the host cell they are inert particles

Front 6

Spontaneous generation theory

Back 6

States that life comes fron non-living matter

Front 7

Germ theory (of disease)

Back 7

micro organisms can invade other micro organisms and cause disease

Front 8

5 Steps to the scientific method

Back 8

1. Define the problem. Break down the problem into questions
2. Consult relevant literature
3. Collect data- measurements, counts, recording inquiries
4. Analyze the data, similarities, regularities, consistancies, & correlations
5. Formulate the hypothesis. Create several to test. Test the hypothesis with experimentation

Front 9

Significance of Francisco Redi

Back 9

1621-1697
- devised experiments that disproved spontaneous theory of life
- used rotted meat in a closed & open environment

Front 10

Significance of Robert Kock

Back 10

1843-1910
- discovered causal agents of anthrax, cholera
- developed solid media (gelatin-broth) Student was Petri (dish)
- devised a series of steps/postulates to prove a causal relationship b/t organism and disease

Front 11

Significance of Louis Pasteur

Back 11

1822-1895
- immunologist, bacteriologist, chemist
- developed the rabies vaccine
- proved to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation
- developed the process of pasteurization

Front 12

Significance of Barbara McClintock

Back 12

1940's
-discovered and formulated the DNA can insert themselves into the genome (transposon)

Front 13

Significance of Joseph Lister

Back 13

(1827-1912)
- sprayed instruments and rooms with 5% carbocilic acid solution to discinfect operating room walls.
(listerine)

Front 14

Significance of Robert Hooke

Back 14

1635-1703
- coined the term cells (looked like a cork)
- published the "micrographia" in 1665 which listed the modifications and microscopes in use)

Front 15

Significance of Paul Erlich

Back 15

1854-1915
-developed the acid fast complex stain procedure
(ex: TB is easily stained with acid ast stain
- worked on compounds to cure syphillis, an arsenic based compound in small concentrations

Front 16

Significance of Anton van Leeuwenhock

Back 16

1632-1703
- developed the microscope
- was a cloth maker and grinded and polished lenses to 300x
- created the simple microscope used to observe microorganisms in water

Front 17

Koch's 4 postulates to prove a causal relationship between organisms and disease

Back 17

1. same organism or agent must be found in all cases of a particular disease
2. must recover and isolate an organism/agent in pure culture from an animal or human with disease
3. pure culture isolate must produce the disease when inoculating an experimental or human model.
4. recover an osulate in pure culture from the inoculated animal/human model

Front 18

Significance of Alexander Fleming

Back 18

- accidentaly created penicillin
- Scottish doctor/bacteriologist
- Working in the early 1900's when staph cultures were contaminated with penicillin mold to kill staph

Front 19

Significance of stromatolites / microfossils

Back 19

Evidence of these large mushroom shaped structures consisting of layers of different bacteria. They were 4-6 feet long and date back to 3.5 billion years of age
- found in warm costal waters, Australia, the Baha of Mexico, the Asia pacific rim

Front 20

Geologic evidence

Back 20

Data and science of today comes from this evidence that shows the age of rocks and minerals

Front 21

Paleontological evidence/record

Back 21

Data and science of today comes from this evidence of fossil records (plants and animal)
- goes back about 600 million years

Front 22

Space exploration evidence

Back 22

Data and science of today comes from this evidence- space itself and celestial bodies (comets, meteors, rock samples)

Front 23

Stanley Millers experiment & the significance

Back 23

Proposed the Earth's early atmosphere consisted of CH4 (methane), NH4 (ammonia), H2 (hydrogen), & H2O vapor and NO oxygen!
- states that Earth was subjected to electrical storms
- Thesis stated that after 3 days, water grew a pink color and was found in 12 naturally occuring amino acids, 4 amino acids are found in life forms

Front 24

Molecular sequencing data (as it pertains to a common ancestor to all life forms

Back 24

- analysis of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
- evolutionary evidence are imprinted upon molecules that make up organisms
- can tell how closely related/distantly related organisms are from one another.
- analyze amino acids (alphabet) proteins (words)
- measured by looking at transmissable mutations, changes, & tolerable mutations

Front 25

Creationalism (miracles that you cannot prove or disprove)

Back 25

- Believed that life was an extremely improbable event that nothing could have aused it to happen

Front 26

Rationalism (cannot be scientifically investigated)

Back 26

Believed that it was an improbable event but they believe it occured by chance, but they are one shot deals.

Front 27

What was the common ancestor to all life forms?

Back 27

Carbon 12

Front 28

Define taxonomy and what it involves (classification, nomenclature, and identification)

Back 28

The study of biosystems, the study of biologic diversity and organization.
- the placing of organisms into categories or groups based upon shared traits or characteristics. Involves: classification, nomenclature, and identification

Front 29

Define classification

Back 29

Placing into groups based on shared traits and characteristics

Front 30

Define nomenclature

Back 30

Labelling of organisms that are classified

Front 31

Define identification

Back 31

Involoves unknown/new organisms, determining which group to place in and then naming them.

Front 32

The Father of taxonomy and his contribution

Back 32

Carolus Linnaeus (1750's)
- created the binomial system (two part names that standarized the way to name species (Quercus ruba - red oak)
- The scientific name of an organism uses the Genus as the first name and is not capitalized.

Front 33

Break down from kingdom through species

K D C O F T G S

Back 33

Kingdom - division (phylum) - class - order - family - tribe - genus - species

Front 34

Polyphasic taxonomy and its three sources of data

Back 34

1. genotypic data (DNA
2. phenotypic data (derived from protein analysis)
3. pyhylogenetic data ( info derived from evolutionary history) rRNA

Front 35

3 reasons why the ribosomes are used to gather imortant information

Back 35

1. they are found in all cellular life forms
2. the functionality is constant/ the same no matter what organism you're dealing with
3. they have highly variable regions that are highly constant aomong species and closely related to the members of the same species

Front 36

Define a bacterial species

Back 36

Strain or group of strains which include the type of strain in the group that share >70% DNA-DNA homology (similarity)

Front 37

Modern cell theory (its four main points)

Back 37

1. all living things are made up of cells
2. all cells arise from pre-existing cells
3. all cells are mae up of the same chemical components, ie: lipids, carbs, nucleic acids.. and they share similar metabolic pathways ie: synthesis of proteins, replication of DNA & generation of energy
4. all cells transmit their heredity through DNA

Front 38

Lipids

Back 38

Chemical nature- biologic classes- fats, phospholipids, waxes & steroids
- insoluble in water
- non-polar molecules and uncharged molecules
- composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but have a variety of chemical configurations
- important classes of these are fats, phospholipids, waxes & steroids.

Front 39

Universal solvent

Back 39

water, a polar molecule

Front 40

Fats

Back 40

- consist of 4 units:
- used for storing energy. Cell can break down fatty acids to generate energy (ATP)

Front 41

Phospholipids

Back 41

Fat molecule that hs 1 fatty acid removed and an added phosphate group and a nitrogen group.
- the fatty portion is charged
- uncharged tails are hydrophobic.

Front 42

Phospholipid bi-layers

Back 42

- ideal candidates for cell boundaries
- cell- semi-porous sac of chemicals floating in a sea of chemicals

Front 43

3 reasons why phospholipid bi-layers maeka great biologic membrane

Back 43

1. they are thin, fluid, and flexible
2. they are continuous and self sealing. they can split apart easily (fission) and can easily fuse together w/out losing continuity.
3. Very easily formed. Ex: put in H2O, shake up & they easily form bi-layers.

Front 44

Diffusion

Back 44

Molecules that are in liquid or gas medium are in motion. They move in a straight line until they collide with another molecule. During collision molecules are deflected and continue movement until they collde again. Ex: air freshener moves from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area to go all over the room

Front 45

Osmosis

Back 45

Movement of water into and out of cells. Simple diffusion- loves from a higher to lower concentration. Water moves in response to pressure exerted by solutes in water

Front 46

Facilitated passive movement/channel proteins

Back 46

?

Front 47

Carrier proteins

Back 47

when recognizing molecules, it changes its shape to allow molecules to come into the cell

Front 48

Active movement

Back 48

Cells move substances from a lower concentration to a higher concentration (uphill exercise) needs energy in the form of ATP

Front 49

hydrophobic

Back 49

? uncharged tails

Front 50

hypertonic

Back 50

inside a cell, there are fewer disolved solutes, so more water is inside than outside, it releases water

Front 51

Isotonic

Back 51

When osmotic pressure is the same. The cell does not gain or lose water

Front 52

Hypotonic

Back 52

?

Front 53

4.5-6 billion years ago

Back 53

earth was too inhospitable to have begun, volcanic eruptions, electrical storms, comets, meteorites

Front 54

4 billion years ago

Back 54

Life could have begun

Front 55

3.8 billion years ago

Back 55

kerogen (carbon 12) CA (common ancestor) to all life forms have arose

Front 56

3.5 billion years ago

Back 56

microfossils- bacteria found in rocks in Western Australia (possibly cyanobacteria), macrofossil evidence- large fossilized mushroom shaped structures consisting of layers of bacteria (stomatolites) 4-6 feet long date back to _._? billion years of age- found in warm costal waters, Australia, the Baha of Mexico, and the Asia pacific rim ***photosynthesis evidence***

Front 57

2 billion years ago

Back 57

iron oxide bands are detected on Earth, oxygen levels are present and rising, cyanobacteria produced oxygen, oxygen was a pollutant

Front 58

1.5 billion years ago

Back 58

oxygen levels are established the way they are today, there was an explosive growth of plants and animals on earth

Front 59

600 million years ago

Back 59

more evidence is available