Microbiology

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Normal Microbiota

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The normal bacteria that resides on the human body:
--help stop harmful bacteria from moving in.
--make necessary vitamins you can't make yourself.

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Microorganisms (microbes)

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any organism too small to be seen with the naked eye.

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Decomposers

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Break down dead matter so that it can be recycled.

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Photosynthesis

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Use sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen.

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Nitrogen Fixation

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process by which some microorganisms can take gaseous nitrogen from the atmoshpere and conver it to forms usable by plants and other organisms.

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Robert Hooke (1600's)

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Named chambers he saw in a thin slice of cork under a microscope - cells.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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Built microscopes - lens magnification of about 270 times, better than anyone else at the time. Drew animalcules that laid foundation for future work that connected microbes with disease/set stage for development of treatments.

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humors of the body

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ancient term - fire, water, eart, air

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Spontaneous generation

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Idea that living things can be born from nonliving things:
-frogs from mud
-maggots from decaying meat
-mice from soiled underwear with wheat

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Francesco Redi (1668)

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Italian physician - experiment with spontaneous generation. Began to disprove the theory - meat/maggots.

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Louis Pasteur (1861)

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Finally settled the debate over spontaneous generation - swan necked flask experiment

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Edward Jenner (1798)

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Used scrapings from cowpox blisters to vaccinate a boy against smallpox.

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Ignaz Semmelweis (1840)

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Proposed that handwashing could prevent the spread of infection (childbirth fever)

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Louis Pasteur (1864)

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Developed pasteurization

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Joseph Lister (1867)

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Used aseptic techniques during surgery.

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Robert Koch (1876)

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Work with anthrax supports the germ theory of disease. Established Koch's postulates.

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Germ Theory of Disease

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The idea that disease is caused by microbes.

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Koch's Postulates

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The steps necessary to prove a particular organism causes a particular disease.

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Ilya Ilich Metchnikoff (1882)

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Described phagocytosis

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Paul Ehrlich (1891)

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Proposed that antibodies are responsible for immunity.

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Paul Ehrlich (1912)

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Discovered salvarsan, the first chemotherapeutic agent for a bacterial disease (syphilis).

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Alexander Fleming (1928)

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Discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic.

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Microbiology

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Study of organisms too small to see with the naked eye.

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Prokaryotes

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Cells whose DNA is not enclosed by a membrane.

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Eukaryotes

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Cells whose DNA is enclosed by a membrane (includes organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi)

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Viruses

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Not cells - can be as simple as DNA surrounded by protein. (made of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein) Eg. Flu virus, polio virus

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Prokaryote - Bacteria

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Cell wall of peptidoglycan
Eg. escherichia coli, streptococcus

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Prokaryote - Archaea

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No cell wall or cell wall not of peptidoglycan (often found in extreme environments such as hot springs, salt lakes, and thermal vents) Eg. Thermoplasma, Halobacterium

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Eukaryote - Protozoa

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Usually single celled, non-photosynthetic, often motile. Eg. Diatoms, ciliates, dinoflagellates (cause red tide)

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Eukaryote - Algae

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Photosynthetic. Eg. Green Algae

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Eukaryote - Fungi

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Except for yeast, grow as fine threads of cells (filamentous); not photosynthetic. Eg. bread mold, mushrooms, yeast

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Bacteriology

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Study of Bacteria

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Protozoology

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Study of Protozoa

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Phycology (Algology)

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Study of Algae

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Mycology

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Study of Fungi

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Parasitology

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Study of Parasites

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Immunology

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Study of the Immune System

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Medical Microbiology

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Study of microorganisms of medical significance.

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Agricultural microbiology

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Study of microorganisms of agricultural significance.

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Industrial Microbiology

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Study of microorganisms involved in production of useful products or cleanup of wastes.

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Microbial Ecology

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Studies interactions of microorganisms with each other and with their environment.