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34 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Entamoeba sp. - chromatid bars & peripheral chromatin
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Chromatid bars - only in Entamoeba cysts, & ALL Entamoeba have peripheral chromatin
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E. histolytica
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *cytoplasm and inclusions *nucleus |
*Amoebic dysentery *D = Both, I = cysts *Fecal-oral; cysts in contaminated water, food, or person to person TROPH: *Progressive w/ hyaline, finger-like pseudopods *Fine granular, little to no vacuoles, may have RBC inclusions in cytoplasm *fine central karyosome, fine-beaded peripheral chromatin CYST: *Non motile *chromatoidal body - rod-shaped w/ rounded ends (if present) *1-4 nuclei, fine central karyosome, fine-beaded peripheral chromatin |
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E. dispar
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *cytoplasm and inclusions *nucleus |
* Nonpath
*N/A *N/A *N/A *Identical to E. histolytica. Report as E. histolytica/E. dispar UNLESS RBC is seen in cytoplasm (only E. histolytica can ingest RBCs). |
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E. coli
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *cytoplasm and inclusions *nucleus |
* Nonpath *N/A *N/A *N/A TROPH: *Sluggish, nonprogressive, w/ blunt pseudopods *Coarsely granular, vacuolated, “dirty” *Large eccentric karyosome, irregular coarse peripheral chromatin CYST: *Nonmotile *Chromatoidal body is rod shaped w/ splintered ends (if present) *1- 8 nuclei, large eccentric karyosome, irregular coarse peripheral chromatin |
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E. hartmanni
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *cytoplasm and inclusions *nucleus |
*I = cyst TROPH: *Usually nonprogressive but may be progressive occasionally *Fine granular, little to no vacuoles *Fine central karyosome, fine-beaded peripheral chromatin CYST: *None *Chromatoidal body (if present) is rod-shaped w/ blunted ends *1-4 nuclei, fine central karyosome, fine-beaded peripheral chromatin |
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Endolimax nana
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *cytoplasm and inclusions *nucleus |
*Nonpath *N/A TROPH: *Sluggish, usually nonprogressive w/ blunt pseudopods *Granular & vacuolated *Karyosome large and irregular, no peripheral chromatin *Troph form resembles Iodamoeba butschii, cyst form has glycogen vacuole CYST: *Nonmotile *No inclusions *1 – 4 nuclei, large, irregular karyosome, no peripheral chromatin |
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Iodamoeba butschlii
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *cytoplasm and inclusions *nucleus |
*Nonpath *N/A TROPH: *Sluggish, usually nonprogressive *Coarsely granular, vacuolated, “dirty” (ingests bacteria, etc.) *Large, central karyosome, no peripheral chromatin CYST: *Nonmotile *Inclusion: mass of glycogen (brownish w/ iodine) *1 nucleus, large, eccentric karyosome |
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Naegleria fowleri
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *cytoplasm and inclusions *nucleus |
*Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (acute)
*D = trophs, I = cysts TROPH: *Rapid and directional *Multiple blunt pseudopod, contractile vacuole *Large, central karyosome, no peripheral chromatin CYST: *N/A FLAGELLATE: In water |
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Acanthamoeba
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *cytoplasm and inclusions *nucleus |
*Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis (tends to be chronic) & more commonly, keratitis *N/A *2 modes, enters lungs or skin & spreads to spinal fluid OR contact w/ contaminated water or contact lens solution (keratitis) TROPH: *Sluggish *Filamentous (thorny) pseudopods, contractile vacuole *Large, central karyosome, no peripheral chromatin CYST: |
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Giardia
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *Morphology |
*Giardiasis AKA "Beaver Fever" *D = both, I = cyst *Contaminated water (lakes, ponds, streams) and person to person contact. Children in day care centers, people living in poor sanitary conditions, those who travel to and drink contaminated water in known endemic areas, carried also by wild animals (beavers), live in the duodenum and jejunum, attach to the mucosa with suctoral discs TROPH: *"falling leaf" motility *Pear-shaped, flagella, axonomes (2), median (parabasal) bodies (2), nuclei (2) resembling “eyes,” sucking disk occupying 1/2-3/4 of ventral surface. Median bodies lying horizontally or obliquely in lower part of body CYST: *Nonmotile *Oval shaped, 4 nuclei, shrinking of cytoplasm from cell wall (appearance of a double wall) |
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Trichomonas vaginalis
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *Morphology |
TROPH ONLY: *Trichomonas *D = Troph *Sexually transmitted. *Simplest diagnostic method - wet mount for jerking motility (flagella and undulating membrane), observe movement for ID *Long, pear shaped, anterior and posterior flagella, undulating membrane |
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Chilomastix
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *Morphology |
*Nonpath * I = cyst *Ingesting infective cysts from contaminated food or water, lives in intestine TROPH: *Stiff, rotary *Pear-shaped, flagella, spiral shaped cytostomal groove (“shepherd’s crook”), single anterior nucleus, may have large or small karyosome and may appear like spokes of a wheel. CYST: *Nonmotile *Lemon or sesame seed shaped, clear area at “top” of cyst, single nucleus, diagnostic curved cytostomal fibril (“shepherd’s crook”). |
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Dientamoeba
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *Morphology |
*Mostly asymptomatic, causes diarrhea or abdominal discomfort *D = troph, I = troph TROPH ONLY: *Transmission by troph *Pseudopods are angular, serrated, or broad lobed, and hyaline, almost transparent *vs. E. nana, this has granular stronger karyosomes, nucleus: 60 – 70% have 2 nuclei, karyosome usually in cluster or 4 – 8 granules, no peripheral chromatin. |
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Blastocystis hominis
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *cytoplasm and inclusions *nucleus |
Vacuolar
* *N/A *History of travel abroad and drinking contaminated water *N/A *Ring of cytoplasm lining a plasma membrane, cytoplasm and the central area stain light brown with iodine, w/ a trichrome stain, the cytoplasm and central area stain dark green. *Up to 4 (can look like more) nuclei present (usually on the side), dark when stained w/ iodine and trichrome. *Also, a large central vacuole is present, pushing nuclei to perimeter of organism |
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Balantidium coli
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *cytoplasm and inclusions *nucleus |
*Mostly asymptomatic, symptomatic patients: ranging from mild colitis and diarrhea to full-blown clinical balantidiasis (resembles amoebic dysentery), abscesses and ulcers may form in mucosa & submucosa of the large intestine. *D & I = cyst *Infected food or water. TROPH: *N/A *Oval, ciliated; contractile (food) vacuoles, moves rapidly *One large kidney bean–shaped macronucleus, one small micronucleus CYST: *N/A *N/A *May see both nuclei in young cysts *Also, Double cyst wall which can be difficult to see, may see cilia between walls in young cysts |
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Leishmania sp.
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *Morphology |
Amastigote (host phase), promastigote (vector stage) Leishmania braziliensis - Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis Leishmania tropica - Cutaneous leishmaniasis *Sand fly: (injects promastigote stage into tissue, becomes amastigotes (Leishman-Donovan body) inside phagocytic cells, multiplies & invades new cells, cycle continues when sandfly take blood meal and ingest amastigotes. *N/A *Look for amastigote stage w/in phagocytic host cells, all Leishmania sp. are morphologically identical, promastigote stage not seen in humans |
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Trypanosoma brucei
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *Morphology |
Trypomastigote (host phase or vector phase), Epimastigote (vector phase)
*African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) *Tsetse fly *N/A *Small kinetoplast located at the posterior end, a centrally located nucleus, an undulating membrane, and a flagellum running along the undulating membrane, leaving the body at the anterior end. Only stage (Trypomastigote) found in patients |
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Trypanosoma cruzi
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Motility *Morphology |
Trypomastigote & amastigote (host phase), trypomastigote & epimastogote (vector phase): *N/A *Reduviid (kissing) bug *N/A *Large, subterminal or terminal kinetoplast, a centrally located nucleus, an undulating membrane, and a flagellum running along the undulating membrane, leaving the body at the anterior end, sometimes forms a "C" shape; parasite forms amastigotes characterized by a single nucleus and kinetoplast, morphologically indistinguishable from Leishmania amastigotes. |
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Cystoisopora belli
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Life cycle *Morphology |
Oocyst
* * Definitive host - humans *Obtained by ingesting mature oocysts (basically fertilized eggs) shed from human feces (water, food, etc.) *Sporozoites released from oocyst and enter intestinal epithelium where they undergo asexual reproduction (merogeny), some of the daughter cells (merizoites) go on to begin gamete formation, gametes merge (fertilization), sporogeny occurs in the zygote producing sporozoites *Immature stage: One central round mass called a sporoblast, mature stage: 2 sporocysts each containing 4 sporozoites and a refractile body |
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Eimeria
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Life cycle *Morphology |
Oocyst
*Nonpath *Definitive host - variety of animals *N/A *N/A *Mature stage: 4 sporocysts each containing 2 sporozoites |
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Cyclospora cayentanensis
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Life cycle *Morphology |
Oocyst
* *D = unsporulated oocyst, I = sporulated oocyst *Ingestion of fecal contaminated water or food, associated w/ fresh fruit (raspberries and strawberries from Central America), also outbreaks with imported herbs and vegetables (basil and snow peas), person-to-person transmission is unusual because oocysts need 1 – 2 weeks outside the body to mature and become infective *N/A *2 sporocysts with 2 sporozoites each |
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Microsporidia sp.
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Life cycle *Morphology |
*Recognized in the 1980s in AIDS patients & cause a wide variety of infections, Examples: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common and causes enteritis; Encephulitozoon sp. and Pleistophora sp. causes severe tissue infections. Microsporidium and Nosema are noted for corneal infections
*D & I = spore *N/A *Spore contents ends up inside a host cell and undergoes a developmental stage and mature into more spores, when the host cell ruptures, spores infect more host cells, in the intestine, spores are passed in the feces. In the urine, spores are passed in the urine. *N/A |
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Cryptosporidium parvum
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Life cycle *Morphology |
Oocyst
* *D & I = thick-walled oocyst (sporulate) *From stool (oocysts) of infected person or animal, from contaminated water or food Oocysts have a high resistance to chlorine and ozone, also autoinfective: Oocysts do not need to mature outside of host to be infective *N/A *In stool, see as thin wall oocyst, w/ 4 sporozoites (probably) & residual material consisting of small granules |
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Toxoplasma gondii
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Life cycle *Morphology |
Tachyzoite - crescent shaped, bradyzoite - slow growing, contained within a cystlike structure during the dormant phase *Definitive host - cats also intermediate host (warm blood animals & humans = intermediate host) *Ingestion or inhalation of the mature oocyst from soil or water (most often), ingestion of undercooked meat (especially sheep, pigs, & rabbits) containing the cyst-like structure with bradyzoites. Congenital infection. Blood transfusion. Organ transplant *Cat family serves as the definite host (sexual stage), can also be intermediate hosts (asexual stage). Humans (and other hosts) act as an intermediate host (asexual stage). |
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Sarcocystis
*Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Life cycle *Morphology |
Oocysts (feces), cysts (muscle tissue)
* *Definitive host - Humans also intermediate, D & I = sporocysts & thin-walled oocysts in feces, D & I = cysts w/ bradyzoities ingested in undercooked meat *N/A *Ingestion of oocyst (from animal stool), bradyzoites develop in muscle, act as intermediate host (dead end), if humans ingest undercooked infected meat (bradyzoites), intestinal involvement produces oocysts, act as definite host, Humans pass Cystoisopora type oocyst *Oocyst - 2 sporocysts each w/ 4 sporozoites, sporocysts can also be free (no cell wall) autofluoresce |
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P. falciparum
*Disease *Dots/Clefts *Early trophozoite stage *Mature trophozoite stage *Schizonts *Gametocytes |
*"Blackwater Fever" Falciparum infects any RBC, number of infected RBC’s are not limited, death may occur within 3 days, invasion leads to a knobby surface in the infected RBC which causes agglutination and lysis
*Mauer's clefts (comma shaped, red) rare *Small rings, multiple rings per cell, double nuclei, accole, and signet-ring forms seen *Small and round, rarely seen in blood *8-16 merozites per schizont, rarely seen in peripheral blood smear (and presence indicated very grave prognosis) *Crescent or banana shaped |
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P. vivax
*Disease *Dots/Clefts *Early trophozoite stage *Mature trophozoite stage *Schizonts *Gametocytes |
*Invade younger RBCs (reticulocytes), malarial species most associated with relapse, may occur years later (up to 50% of individuals as late as 5 years later), due to sequestered merozoites in the liver that reactivate and begin a new cycle in red blood cells.
*Schuffner's dots present in all stages except early ring forms *Usually single parasite per cell, rings w/ 2 nuclei possible. *Large, amoeboid, w/ cytoplasm-filling cell *12-24 merozoites per schizont, finely granular, golden brown malarial pigment. *Large, round, almost filling cell, coarse malarial pigment |
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P. ovale
*Disease *Dots/Clefts *Early trophozoite stage *Mature trophozoite stage *Schizonts *Gametocytes |
*Invade younger RBCs (reticulocytes)
*Schuffner's Dots present in all stages, including early rings, stains darker than P. vivax *Single parasite per cell *Ribbon, band, or basket forms, not amoeboid, similar to P. malariae but larger in size. *8 merozoites, usually arranged around 1 large pigment aggregated *Round, RBCs not enlarged, coarse, unevenly distributed pigment |
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P. malariae
*Disease *Dots/Clefts *Early trophozoite stage *Mature trophozoite stage *Schizonts *Gametocytes |
*Invade older RBCs
*No dots or clefts *Usually single parasite per cell *Ribbon, band, or basket forms, not ameoboid, similar to P. ovale, but smaller in size *6-12 merozoites per schizont, which may form rosette, coarsely granular malarial pigment *Round, RBCs not enlarged, coarse, unevenly distributed pigment |
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Babesia sp.
Note: Endemic in coastal islands off southern New England. Appears to be a form also in Oregon and Washington. *Disease *Diagnostic & Infective Stage *Transmission *Morphology |
*Malaria-like illness (fever, chills, sweats, fatigue, myalgia, enlarged liver and spleen, etc, may have anemia, rarely fatal in “normal” host
*D = trophozoite, I = sporozoite *Transmitted by a tick (Ixodes), reservoir host - white-footed mouse *Typical intraerythrocytic forms similar to ring stages of P. falciparum, Babesia is typically in pairs and tetrads (maltese cross), however, unlike malaria, extracellular trophozoites may be occasionally observed |
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Plasmodium sp. Location
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Endemic throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions
P. vivax: 80% of infections, widest distribution, can be found in temperate climates P. falciparum: 15% of infections but causes the most deaths P. malariae: 4% of infections P. ovale: 1 % of infections, in Africa only (esp. West Africa) |
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Plasmodium sp. Life Cycle
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Mosquito ingests gametocytes from infected person. Undergoes maturation cycle. Injects sporozoites stage into person. Humans are intermediate hosts. Exoerythrocytic cycle in liver: Sporozoites transform into merozoites. Takes about 1-2 weeks. Erythrocytic cycle (asexual reproduction in RBC): Merozoites (from liver) enter RBC. Become trophozoites when entering RBC. Trophozoites grow and multiply as merozoites (schizont stage). Merozoites break out and infect other RBC as trophozoites. Cycle continues. Some merozoites become gametocytes instead of trophozoites.
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Plasmodium sp. Transmission
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via female Anopheles species of mosquito
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Plasmodium sp. Symptoms
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Causes paroxysm: Primary symptoms associated with the erythrocytic cycle. Cycle repeats at regular intervals based on malarial species. Occurs 8-24 days after bite. Linked to the rupture of RBCs and release of merozoites. Part of an allergic response to released parasitic antigens. Cold Stage: rupture of RBCs, feeling of intense cold, vigorous shivering, lasts 15-60 minutes. Hot stage: intense heat, dry burning skin, throbbing headache, lasts 2-6 hours. Sweating stage: profuse sweating, declining temperature, exhausted and weak, sleep, lasts 2-4 hours.
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