Micro Bio Lect. 2

Front 1

What is the difference b/t living and nonliving things?

Back 1

-growth

-reproduction

-responsiveness (to environment)

-matabolism

Front 2

What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Back 2

Prokaryotes

• have no defined nucleus
• have cell walls
• less complex structure

Eukaryotes

• have a defined nucleus
• have paired chromosomes
• have membrane bound organelles
• more complex structure

*different types of cells in both*

Front 3

Prokaryote Shapes

Back 3

1. Bacillus- rod shaped
   
2. Coccus- spherical
3. Spiral

Arrangements

• Pairs (diplo)
• chains (strepto)
• clusters (staph)

Front 4

External structure of bacteria cell

Glycocalyces

Back 4

Gelatinous/sticky layer outside cell membrane.

2 types

• capsule- firmly stuck
• slime layer- loosely attached

Front 5

External structure of bacteria cell

Flagella

Back 5

The "long tail" used for movement.

runs/tumbles

Front 6

External structure of bacteria cell

Fimbriae & Pili

Back 6

Fimbriae- Hairs around the cell, (rodlike extentions)

Pili- special type of fimbriae "space dock" transfers DNA from one cell to another

Front 7

External structure of bacteria cell

Bacterial Cell Walls

Back 7

Gives the cell structure/ shape.

Gram +

-thick peptidoglycan (purple)

Gram -

thin peptidoglycan (pink)

note: peptidoglycan is the substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria

Front 8

What are the functions of Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes?

Back 8

• Energy storage
• Harvest light energy in photosynthetic bacteria
• Selectively permeable
• Naturally impermeable to mostsubstances
• Proteins allow substances to crossmembrane
• Maintain concentration and electrical gradient

Front 9

Passive Processes

Back 9

Does not need energy to transport materials into cell.

• diffusion
• facilitated diffusion
• osmosis

Front 10

Active Processes

Back 10

Needs energy (ATP) to transport materials into cell.

Front 11

Cytoplasm

Back 11

gelatinous material inside a cell

Front 12

Cytosol

Back 12

Liquid part of the cytoplasm

Front 13

Inclusions

Back 13

reserve deposits of chemicals inside the cytoplasm

Front 14

Endospores

Back 14

defensive strategy for some bacteria against unfavorable conditions. (sleeps then comes out when things are better)

Front 15

Nonmembranous Organelles

Back 15

Ribosomes-

sites of protein synthesis (larger ones)

Cytoskeleton-

forming cells basic shape

Front 16

Cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells

Back 16

• Outside (glycocalyces) is not as organized as prokaryotic capsules. More of a slime layer.

Front 17

Endocytosis

Back 17

• A type of active transport
• Eukaryotic cells do not perform group translocation
• The cytoplasmic membrane rearranges in a pseudopodia (“false foot”) around a substance to bring it into the cell (brings in food)
  

Front 18

Flagella & Cillia

Back 18

How Eukaryotic cells move. (Tails and Hairs)

Front 19

Membranous Organelles

Back 19

• Nucleus- holds DNA (where nucleic acids are)
• Nucleoplasm- contains chromatin (forms the chromosomes) located inside nucleus
• Nucleoli- inside the nucleoplasm. Makes RNA.

Front 20

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 20

The "workers". The transport system of the cell (network of tubes).

2 Forms

1. SER- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
2. RER- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (studded w/ ribosomes RER makes proteins)

Front 21

Golgi Body

Back 21

Central receiving of the cell. (hollow sacks in the cell)

Receives, processes, and packageslarge molecules for export

Front 22

Mitochondria

Back 22

Power house of the cell. (power plant)

• Have two membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer
• Produce most of cell’s ATP
  

Front 23

Chloroplasts

Back 23

Power house in plant cell.

Light-harvesting structures found in photosynthetic eukaryotes

Front 24

Endosymbotic Theory

Back 24

Eukaryotes evolved from Prokaryotes

Front 25

Taxonomy

Back 25

Provides universal names for organisms (classification of organisms)

Front 26

Linnaeus's Classifications

Back 26

1. Animalia
   
2. Plantae

Classified organisms by common characteristics and by organisms that can successfully interbreed (species).

Front 27

Five Kingdoms

Back 27

1. Animalia
2. Plantae
3. Fungi
4. Protista
5. Prokaryotae

Front 28

Three Domains

Back 28

1. Eukarya
2. Bacteria
3. Archaea

Classified by ribosomal nucleotide sequence

Front 29

Classifications

Back 29

Placing organisms in related groups (known)

Front 30

Identification

Back 30

matching characteristics of an "unknown" organism to lists of known. (unknown)

Front 31

What are the different identifying characteristics of microorganisms?

Back 31

• Physical characteristics- staining, morphology
• Biochemical tests- Testing enzymes
• Serological tests- use of antibodies & antigens
• Phage typing- for viruses
• Analysis of nucleic acids
  

Front 32

Dichotomous Key

Back 32

"Flow Chart"

“either/or” choices applies to any particular organism to lead to the answer of what it is.

Front 33

Prokaryotes

Back 33

• Most diverse group of cellular microbes
  
• Can live anywhere
• Only a few capable of colonizing humans and causing disease
  

Front 34

Bacteria & Archaea

Back 34

• unicellular (no nuclei)
• smaller
• found around water
• reproduce asexually

difference is that Bacteria has peptidoglycan in cell wall and Archaea has it but with other stuff as well.

Front 35

How do Prokaryotes reproduce?

Back 35

Asexually

3 types

1. Binary fission
2. Snapping division
3. Budding

Front 36

Archaea are what type of microbes?

Back 36

Extremophiles (they require extreme conditions to survive.) and Methanogens (they convert other gases into methane)

Front 37

Types of Extremophiles

Back 37

1. Thermophiles- High Temperature
2. Halophiles- High Salt

Front 38

Types of Eukaryotic Microbes

Back 38

1. Protozoa
2. Fungi
3. Algae
4. Water Molds
5. Slime Molds

Front 39

How do Eukaryotic microbes reproduce?

Back 39

1. asexually
   
2. sexually
3. dimorphic

Front 40

Protozoa

Back 40

Diverse group defined by three characteristics

1. Eukaryotic
2. Unicellular (Single-celled)
3. Lack a cell wall
   

They need water and very few are pathogens

Front 41

How are Protozoa's identified?

Back 41

Through movement

• Pseudopodia
• Cilia
• Flagella
  

Front 42

Fungi

Back 42

• Eukaryotic, related to animals
• acquire food through absorption
• have chitin cell wall
• do not photosynthesize

Front 43

Types of Fungi

Back 43

Mold

-multicellular

-reproduce through sex/asexual

Yeast

-unicellular

-reproduce through budding/sex spores

Front 44

Benefits of Fungi

Back 44

1. Recyclers of the environment by decomposing dead and waste.
2. Helps plants absorb water and minerals.
3. Produce antibiotics.

Front 45

Lichens

Back 45

partnership of fungi & algae living together.

Front 46

Algae

Back 46

- simple Eukaryote

- unicellular/multicellular

-Photosynthetic

Classified by its pigment

Front 47

Virus Characteristics

Back 47

• Cannot carry out any metabolic pathway
• Neither grow nor respond to the environment
• Cannot reproduce independently
• Recruit the cell’s metabolic pathways to increase theirnumbers
• No cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, organelles (withone exception)
• Have extracellular and intracellular state
  

Front 48

Bacteriophage

Back 48

Virus that infects only bacteria.

Front 49

How do Viruses reproduce?

Back 49

1. Lytic replication- (fast immediate)
   
2. Lysogeny- (hiding) duplicates in cell wall

Front 50

Reverse Transcriptase

Back 50

Turns virus to DNA temporarily to infect RNA

Front 51

What are some reasons that some people may not consider a viruses living?

Back 51

• They cannot reproduce without a host
  
• They produce no waste
• Do not grow
• Do not respond to stimuli

Front 52

Viroids

Back 52

extremely small, circular pieces of RNA that are infectious and pathogenic in plants.

Kills plants

Front 53

Prions

Back 53

Viral protein that folds differently than normal and messes everything up because of it when it is next to normal proteins.