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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is metabolism? |
Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions that take place in living cells |
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What are metabolic pathways? |
A series of chemical reactions controlled by enzymes |
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What does the metabolic pathway start and finish with? |
Starts with a substrate and finishes with an end product |
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What is an Anabolic pathway? |
Requires energy and is used to build up large molecules from smaller ones (biosynthesis) |
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What is a catabolic pathway? |
Releases energy to break down large molecules into smaller ones (degradation) |
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Can metabolic pathways be reversed? |
Metabolic pathways can be reversible or irreversible. Almost all pathways are reversible |
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What proteins are found in bedded within the membrane? |
Protein Pumps Receptor protein Enzyme protein Channel protein Structural protein Glycoproteins
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By the presence or absence of a particular enzyme |
By the presence or absence of a particular enzyme |
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What is the induced fit model? |
When enzymes bind to their substrate The active site of the enzyme is slightly changed to better fit the substrate after the substrate binds |
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Active site affinity; |
The active site has a high affinity to the substrate The active site has a low affinity to the product |
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What does an enzyme do to reaction? Biological catalyst |
An enzyme binding to its substrate lowers activation energy for the reaction |
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The enzyme is saturated |
The enzyme is saturated |
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What affect does increasing substrate concentration have? |
Substrate concentration increases the enzyme reaction rate until all active sites are occupied by the substrate |
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What happens at saturation?What are the three types of inhibition |
Increasing concentration of substrate will have no affect Graph levels off |
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What are the three types of inhibition? |
Competitive inhibition Non-competitive inhibition Feedback inhibition |
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What are inhibitors are used to do? |
Inhibitors can be used for stopping enzyme from binding to its substrate As a result inhibitors can directly control the progress of the metabolic pathway |
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What is competitive inhibition? |
Inhibitor molecule binds to the active site of an enzyme Increasing substrate concentration can reverse competitive inhibition |
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Why can A competitive inhibitor compete with the substrate? |
Because they have a similar molecular shape |
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Why does substrate What is non-competitive competitiveconcentration reverse competitive inhibition? |
The substrate eventually dilutes the inhibitor so that all enzyme molecules bind to the substrate |
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What is non-competitive inhibition? |
Inhibitor does not bind to active site but binds to a different part of enzyme and changes the active site shape |
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What is feedback inhibition? |
An end product in a metabolic pathway binds to an enzyme at the start of the pathway |
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Why does feedback inhibition occur? |
Because there is a high end products concentration |
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What is ATP? |
Adenosine triphosphate Energy carrying molecule used in cells because it can release energy very quickly |
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What processes make up respiration? |
Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain |
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Where does glycolysis occur? |
The cytoplasm |
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Where does the citric acid cycle take place? |
In the matrix of the mitochondria |
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Where does the electron transport chain occur? |
In the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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What is phosphorylation? |
When ATP is re-generated from ADP plus PI |
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How is respiration controlled? |
Respiration is the metabolic pathways of enzyme controlled reactions in which glucose is oxidised to produce ATP |
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What are the two types of respiration? |
Aerobic respiration Fermentation |
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Does glycolysis require oxygen?Why is |
No it is anaerobic |
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Why is the regeneration of ATP described as a net gain? |
Two ATP are invested Four are generated Resulting in a net gain of two
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What enzyme removes the hydrogen ions and electrons? |
Dehydrogenase enzymes remove the hydrogen ions and electrons from this cycle |
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What coenzyme are the hydrogen ions and electrons passed onto? |
NAD This passes them to the inner mitochondria membrane for the electron transport chain |
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What are the two types of fermentation? |
Alcoholic fermentation Lactate fermentation |
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Is oxygen needed for the citric acid cycle? |
Yes it will only take place if oxygen is present as it is an aerobic process |
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What does acetyl CoA combine with to make citrate? |
Oxaloacetate |
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What is the byproduct of the citric acid cycle? |
Carbon dioxide is the byproduct |
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How many ATP are produced during citric acid cycle? |
2 |
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What is the electron transport chain? |
It is the collection of proteins found on the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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What releases hydrogen ions and electrons into the transport chain? |
NADH |
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Where do the electrons transfer their energy to During the electron transport chain? |
They transfer their energy to the proteins in the membrane |
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What does the energy from the electrons in the electron transport chain do? |
Provides energy for the hydrogen ions To be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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What is oxygen’s role In the electron transport chain? |
Oxygen is the final hydrogen ion and electron acceptor |
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How much ATP is produced in total from one molecule of glucose? |
38 ATP |
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What are the products of fermentation in plants? |
Ethanol and carbon dioxide |
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What are the products of fermentation in animals? |
Lactic acid |
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What is a metabolic rate? |
Amount of energy expended by an organism in a given period of time |
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What is BMR |
Basal metabolic rate (Metabolic rate) |
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How can metabolic rate to be measured? |
Oxygen consumption Carbon dioxide production Heat production |
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What apparatus can we use to measure metabolic rate? |
Resoirometers Oxygen probes Carbon dioxide probes Calorimeters |
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Heart Blood vessels Blood |
Heart Blood vessels Blood |
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What does the respiratory system consist off? |
Lungs Or gills Structures involving breathing processes |
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Arteries; |
Carry blood away from the heart High-pressure |
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Capillaries; |
Smallest blood vessels with exchange nutrients gases and waste products between the blood and the body tissue |
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Veins; |
Carry blood back to the heart Low pressure |
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What are the two chambers of the heart? |
Atria and ventricles |
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Atria; |
Where blood enters the heart |
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Ventricles; |
Where blood leaves the heart |
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What circulatory system do mammals and birds have? |
Complete double circulatory system |
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Complete double circulatory system; |
Hello higher metabolic rates No mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood |
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What type of circulatory system do amphibians have? |
Incomplete double circulatory system |
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Incomplete double circulatory system; |
Three heart chambers Two atria one ventricle Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood |
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What type of circulatory system does fish have? |
Single circulatory system |
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Single circulatory system; |
Two heart Chambers One ventricle one atrium |
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Maintaining an organisms metabolic rate is affected by what abiotic factors? |
Temperature PH Salinity |
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What are conformers? |
Dependent upon the changes in external environment |
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Can control internal environment regardless of external environment change |
Can control internal environment regardless of external environment change |
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Conformers advantages And disadvantages? |
Low metabolic costs Can only exploit a narrow range of ecological niches Less adaptable to environmental change |
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Regulator advantages and disadvantages? |
Can exploit a wider range of ecological niche is High metabolic costs in order to achieve homoeostasis |
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Internal conditions that can be controlled Temperature, salt concentration, blood glucose levels, and water concentration |
Internal conditions that can be controlled Temperature, salt concentration, blood glucose levels, and water concentration |
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What is homoeostasis? |
The maintenance of the bodies internal environment within tolerable limits Despite the change in external environment |
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Negative feedback control |
Negative feedback control |
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What is Thermo regulation? |
And example of negative feedback control Mammal maintains their body temperature at constant 37° |
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What is the hypothalamus? |
The bodies temperature monitoring centre in the brain? Sensitive to nerve impulses that come from receptors in skin |
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Examples of effectors for Thermo regulation; |
Sweat glands, blood vessels, and muscles around the body |
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Order of nerve impulses for Thermo regulation; |
Stimulus Receptor Hypothalamus Effector Response |
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What is Vascodilation? |
Where blood vessels allow blood to flow to skin surface where heat is lost Too hot |
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What kind of body due to stop overheating? |
Vascodilation Sweat Decrease in metabolic rate |
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How can the body increase temperature? |
Vasoconstriction Hair erector muscles contract Shivering |
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What is Vasoconstriction? |
Blood vessels are restricted and bloodflow to the skin stop so less heat is lost |
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Because it insures optimal enzyme controlled reaction rates and diffusion rates to maintain metabolism |
Because it insures optimal enzyme controlled reaction rates and diffusion rates to maintain metabolism |
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What is dormancy? |
Dormancy is a period when an organism is metabolic activity decreases and allows for the conservation of energy |
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What happens in periods of dormancy? |
Organisms metabolic rate decreases Heart rate decreases Breathing rate decreases Body temperature to decreases |
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What are the two types of dormancy? |
Predictive Consequential |
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What are adverse conditions? |
Conditions beyond the tolerable limits of an animal’s metabolic rate |
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What are some examples of dormancy |
Hibernation Aestivation Daily torpor |
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Adaptation that allows an animal to escape cold water and food shortages over winter Heart rate, body temperature, metabolic rate decreases |
Adaptation that allows an animal to escape cold water and food shortages over winter Heart rate, body temperature, metabolic rate decreases |
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A period of reduced activity Reduce metabolic rate of animals with high metabolic rate Short period of time |
A period of reduced activity Reduce metabolic rate of animals with high metabolic rate Short period of time |
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What is aestivation? |
Adaptation for Survival in high temperatures or drought |
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Involves expending energy to relocate to an environment that is more suitable Innate or learned |
Involves expending energy to relocate to an environment that is more suitable Innate or learned |
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What methods can be used to track migration? |
Transmitter Geo locator Target with a marker |
