Chapter 4: Integumentary System

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Integumentary system

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composed of the skin, glands, hair, and nails.

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Functions of the skin:

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The skin forms a protective covering over the body that, when unbroken, prevents entry of bacteria and other invading organisms. The skin also protects the body from water loss and the damaging effects of ultraviolet light. Other functions include regulation of body temperature and synthesis of vitamin D.

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The skin:

epidermis

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outer layer of the skin

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keratin

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scleroprotein component of the horny, or cornified, layer of the epidermis

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melanin

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color, or pigmentation, of the skin

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dermis

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inner layer of skin

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also called the true skin

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sudoriferous (sweat) glands

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tiny, coiled, tubular structures that emerge through pores on the skin's surface and secrete sweat

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sebaceous glands

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secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis

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Accessory Structures of the Skin:

hair

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compressed, keratinized cells that arise from hair follicles, the sacs that enclose the hair fibers

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nails

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originate in the epidermis. Nails are found on the upper surface of the ends of the fingers and the toes. The white area at the base of the nail is called the lunula, or moon.

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Disease and Disorder Terms:

dermatitis

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inflammation of the skin

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dermatoconiosis

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abnormal condition of the skin caused b dust

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dermatofibroma

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fibrous tumor of the skin

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hidradenitis

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inflammation of sweat glands

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leioderma

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condition of smooth skin

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leukoderma

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white skin (white patches caused by depigmentation)

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onychocryptosis

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abnormal condition of a hidden nail (also called ingrown nail)

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onychomalacia

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softening of the nails

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onychomyosis

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abnormal condition of a fungus in the nails

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onychophagia

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eating the nail (nail biting)

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pachyderma

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thickening of the skin

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paronychia

(Note: the a from para- has been dropped. The final vowel in a prefix may be dropped when the word to which it is added begins with a vowel.)

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diseased state around the nail

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seborrhea

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discharge of sebum (excessive)

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trichomycosis

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abnormal condition of a fungus a the hair

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xeroderma

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dry skin (a mild form of a cutaneous disorder characterized by keratinization and noninflammatory scaling)

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abrasion

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scraping away of the skin by mechanical process or injury

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abscess

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localized collection of puss

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acne

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inflammatory disease of the skin involving the sebaceous glands and hair follicles

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actinic keratosis

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precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight. It may evolve into a squamous cell carcinoma.

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albinism

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congenital hereditary condition characterized by partial or total lack of pigment in the skin, hair, eyes

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basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

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epithelial tumor arising from the epidermis.

It seldom metastasizes but invades local tissue; common in individuals who have had excessive sun exposure.

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candidiasis

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infection of the skin, mouth (also called thrush), or vagina caused by the yeast-type fungus Candida albicans. Canadida is normally present in the mucous membranes; overgrowth causes an infection. Esophageal candidiasis is often in patients with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

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carbuncle

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skin infection composes of a cluster of boils (furuncle) caused by staphylococcal bacteria

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cellulitis

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inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by infection, characterized by redness, swelling, and fever.

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contusion

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injury with no break in the skin, characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration (also called a bruise)

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eczema

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noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching

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fissure

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slit or cracklike sore in the skin

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furuncle

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painful skin node caused by staphylococcal bacteria in a hair follicle (also called a boil)

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gangrene

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death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply followed by bacterial invasion (a form of necrosis)

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herpes

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inflammatory skin disease caused by herpes virus characterized by small blisters in clusters. Many types of herpes exsist. Herpes simplex, for example, causes fever blisters; herpes zoster, also called shingles, is characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow nerves inflamed by the virus

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Impetigo

(bacterial infection)

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superficial skin infection characterized by pustules and caused by either staphylococci or streptococci

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infection

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invasion of pathogens in body tissue. An acute infection may remain localized if the body's defense mechanisms are effective or may persist to become subacute or chronic. A systemic infection occurs when the pathogens causing a local infection gains access to the vascular or lymphatic system and becomes disseminated throughout the body.

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Tinea

(fungal infection)

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Tinea corporis (also called ringworm)

Tinea pedis (also called athlete's foot)

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Kaposi sarcoma

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cancerous condition starting as purple or brown papules on the skin to the lymph nodes and internal organs; frequently seen with AIDS

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laceration

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torn, ragged-edged wound

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lesion

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any visible change in tissue resulting from injury or disease. It is a broad term that includes sores, wounds, ulcers and tumors.

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MRSA infection

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invasion of body tissue by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a strain of common bacteria that has developed resistance to methicillin and other antibiotics. It can produce skin and soft tissue infections and sometimes bloodstream infections and pneumonia, which can be fatal if not treated. MRSA is quite common in hospitals and long-term care facilities but is increasingly emerging in the general population.

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pediculosis

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invasion into the skin and hair by lice

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psoriasis

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chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales

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rosacea

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chronic disorder of the skin that produces erythema, papules, pustules, and broken blood vessels, usually occurring on the central area of the people older than 30 years (also called acne rosacea)

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scabies

(parasitic infection)

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skin infection caused by the itch mite, characterized by papule eruption that is caused by the female burrowing into the outer layer of the skin and laying eggs. This condition is accompanied by severe itching.

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scleroderma

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disease characterized by chronic hardening (induration) of the connective tissue of the skin and other body organs

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squamous cell carcinoma (SqCCA)

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malignant growth that develops from scalelike epithelial tissue. Unlike basal cell carcinoma, there is a significant potential for metastasis. The most frequent cause is chronic exposure to sunlight

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systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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chronic inflammatory disease involving the skin, joints, kidney's, and nervous system. This autoimmune disease is characterized by periods of remission and exacerbations. It also may affect other organs.

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tinea

Back 55

fungal infection of the skin. The fungi infect keratin of the skin, hair, and nails. Infections are classified by body regions such as tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), and tinea pedis (foot). Tinea in general is also called ringworm, and tinea pedis specifically is also called athlete's foot

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urticaria

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itchy skin eruption composed of wheals (an individual hive) of varying sizes and shapes. Idiopathic urticaria is sometimes associated with allergic reactions to food, medicine, or other agents. Urticaria reaction can be a medical emergency. Other causes include internal disease, physical stimuli. and genetic disorders (also called hives)

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vitiligo

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white patches on the skin caused by the destruction of melanocytes associated with autoimmune disorders.

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biopsy (bx)

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view of life (the removal of living tissue from the body to viewed under the microscope)

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dermatoautoplasty

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surgical repair using one's own skin (skin graft) (also called allograft)

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dermatoheteroplasty

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surgical repair using skin from others (skin graft) (also called allograft)

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dermatome

Note: when two consonants of the same letter come together, one is sometimes dropped.

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instrument used to cut skin (in thin slices for skin graft)

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dermatoplasty

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surgical repair of the skin

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onychectomy

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excision of the nail

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rhytidectomy

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excision of wrinkles (also called facelift)

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rhytidoplasty

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surgical repair of wrinkles

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cauterization

(kaw-tur-ī-ZĀ-shun)

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destruction of tissue with a hot or cold instrument, electric current, or caustic substance (also called cautery)

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cryosurgery

(krī-ō-SER-jer-ē)

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destruction of tissue by using extreme cold, often by using liquid nitrogen

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débridement

(dā-brēd-MA)

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removal os contaminated or dead tissue and foreign matter from an open wound

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dermabrasion

(derm-a-BRĀ-zhun)

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procedure to remove skin scars with abrasive material, such as sandpaper

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excision

(ek-SIZH-en)

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removal by cutting

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incision

(in-SIZH-en)

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surgical cut or wound produces by a sharp instrument

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incision and drainage (I&D)

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surgical cut made to allow the free or withdrawal of fluids from lesion, wound, or cavity

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laser sugery

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procedure using an instrument that emits a high-powered beam of light used to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissue

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Mohs surgery

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technique of microscopically controlled serial excision of a skin cancer

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suturing

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to stitch edges of a wound surgically

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dermatologist

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physician who studies and treats skin (disease)

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dermatology

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study of the skin (a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of skin disease)

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eipdermal

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pertaining to upon the skin

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erythroderma

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red skin (abnormal redness of the skin)

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hypodermic

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pertaining to under the skin

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intradermal (ID)

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pertaining to within the skin

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keratogenic

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originating in horny tissue

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necrosis

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abnormal condition of death (cells and tissue die because of disease)

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percutaneous

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pertaining to through the skin

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staphylococcus (pl. staphylococci) (staph)

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berry-shaped (bacterium) in grapelike clusters (these bacteria cause many skin diseases)

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streptococcus (pl. streptococci) (strep)

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berry-shaped (bacterium) in twisted chains

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subcutaneous (subcut)

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pertaining to under to under the skin

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transdermal (TD)

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pertaining to through the skin

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ungual

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pertaining to the nail

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xanthoderma

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yellow skin (also called jaundice)