Med Terms Chapter 10: Nervous System

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tract

Back 1

a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

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ganglion

Back 2

nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system

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innervation

Back 3

mean the supply of nerves to a specific body part

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plexus

Back 4

is a network of intersecting spinal nerves

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Glial cells

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provide support and protection for neurons; hold them in place, supply nutrients, produce myelin

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meninges

Back 6

the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal chord.

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dura mater

Back 7

thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

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arachnoid membrane

Back 8

second layer of the meninges that resembles a spider web

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pia mater

Back 9

third layer protecting brain that consists of delicate connective tissue

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cerebrum

Back 10

responsible for all through, judgement, memory, and emotion, as well as control and integration of motor function.

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thalamus

Back 11

relays sensory stimuli form the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex.

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hypothalamus

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control vital bodily functions; regulates autonomic nervous system, regulates emotional responses, regulates body temp, regulates hunger and thirst

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brainstem

Back 13

controls functions necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate)

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cerebellem

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coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements

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mid brain and pons

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provide conduction pathways to higher and lower centers of the brain. control eye and head reflexes

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medulla oblongata

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controls basic survival functions listed above

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cephalagia

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headache

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migrane headache

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characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head. Primary affect women and may be accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light

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cluster headache

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intensely painful headaches affecting one side of the head. May be associated with nasal congestion and tearing of the eyes

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encephalocele

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congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull

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meningocele

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congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

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hydrocephalus

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excess cerebralspinal fluid accumulation in in the ventricles of the brain

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meningitits

Back 23

inflammation of the merges of the brain and spinal cord

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meninigioma

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slow growing usually benign tumor of the meninges

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Dementia

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slowly progressive decline in mental abilites

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vascular dementia

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form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain.

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Encephalitits

Back 27

inflammation of the brain; can be caused by viral infection such as rabies

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Reye's syndrome

Back 28

deadly disorder of children characterized by vomiting and confusion.

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tetanus

Back 29

infection of tetanus bacterium

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Tourette syndrome

Back 30

neurological disorder characterized by tics

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Alzheimer's disease

Back 31

disorder involving parts of the brain that control memory, thought, and language. Marked deterioration of memory and reasoning

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Parkinson's

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degenerative central nervous disorder that is characterized by muscle tremors, rigidity, and slow gait.

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cerebral contusion

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brushing of brain tissue

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cranial hematoma

Back 34

collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

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lethargy

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lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy

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stupor

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and unresponsive state form which a person can be aroused only briefly despite repeated attempts

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syncope

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fainting

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persistent vegetative state

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type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles but exhibits unconsciousness even when appearing to be awake

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Delirium

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acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, and hallucinations.

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cerebrovascular accident

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aka stroke; damgage to the brain that occurs when blood flow to it is disrupted

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ischemic stroke

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occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing of blockage of a carotid artery

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transiet ischemic attack

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mini stroke

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aphaisa

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loss of the ability to speak, write, or the ability comprehend written word

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hemorrhagic stroke

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occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks

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arteriovenous malformation

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abnormal connection between arteries and veins in the brain that can rupture suddenly

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Insomnia

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inability to sleep

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Narcolepsy

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uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day

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Somambulism

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aka sleepwalking

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myelitits

Back 49

inflammation of the spinal cord

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myelosis

Back 50

tumor of the spinal cord

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poliomyelitis

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polio; viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord the may lead to paralysis

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Radiculitis

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aka pinched nerve; inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that souses pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb

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Cervical radiculopathy

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nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots

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lumbar radiculopathy

Back 54

nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from compression of vertebral disks

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Multiple sclerosis

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inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath. This scars the brain and spinal cord

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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aka Lou Gehrig's disease; neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles.

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Bell's palsy

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temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only of the affected area of the face

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Guillain-Barre syndrome

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aka infections polyneuritis; inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary muscle paralysis

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Neuritis

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an inflammation of nerve accompanied pain and potential loss of function

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Sciatica

Back 60

an inflammation of the sciatic nerve that result in pain, burning, and tingling

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Trigeminal neruoalgia

Back 61

severe lightning-like pain due to inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve. Only affect side of face innervated by the affected nerve.

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Cerebral palsy

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condition characterized by poor muscle control, speech defects, and other deficiencies due to damage to the cerebrum.

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epilepsy

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recurrent episodes of seizures

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seizure

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sudden surge of electoral activity in the brain that affects how a person behaves for a short time.

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tonic-clonic seizure

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aka grand mal seizure; in the tonic phase of the seizure the body becomes rigid, in the clonic phase there is jerking

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absence seizure

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aka petit mal seizure; brief loss of brain function when there is loss of awareness

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Causalgia

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persistent, severs burning pain that usually follows and injury to sensory nerve

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Hyperesthesia

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excessive sensitivity to touch and other sensory stimuli

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paresthesia

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burning or pricking sensation that is usually felt in hands and feet

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Periperal neruopathy

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disorder of peripheral nerves

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Restless leg syndrome

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uncomfortable feelings in the legs

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

computed tomography

Back 72

MRI

CT

;both are important neuroimaging tools

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functional MRI

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detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task

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Carotid ultrasonography

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ultrasound study of the carotid artery

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echoencephalography

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ultrasound imaging to create detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes

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electroencephalography

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process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp

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myelography

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radiographic study of the spinal cord after the infection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture

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lumbar pucture

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spinal tap, process of obtaining a sample of CS fluid

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hypnotic

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depresses the central nervous system

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aniconsulsant

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prevent seizures

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Barbiturates

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class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the CNS

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sedative

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depresses the CNS to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep

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Epidural anesthesia

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regional anesthesia produced by injection of medication into the epidural space

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deep brain stimulation

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neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of destiny, tremors, and Parkinson's disease. the brain is stimulated with mild electrical signals from an implanted device

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Gamma knife surgery

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type of radiation treatment for brain tumors preformed without an incision. the surgeon uses gamma radiation to destroy diseased tissue

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Electroconculsive therapy

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aka electroshock therapy, small amount of electric current are passed through brain, deliberately triggering a grief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses

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lobectomy

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surgical removal of part of the brain

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thalamotomy

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surgical incision into the thalamus

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Neurorrhaphy

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surgical suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

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Neurotomy

Back 90

surgical dissection of a nerve

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generalized anxiety disorder

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chronic, excessive worrying

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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OCD

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Panic disorder

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fear of panic attack

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panic attack

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unexpected sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger

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Post-tramatic stress disorder

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person may feel intense fear after and even involving actual or treated death or injury

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acrophobia

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excessive fear of heights

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agorophobia

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excessive fear of environments that may cause a panic attack

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claustrophobia

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excessive fear of small enclosures

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attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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ADHD

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dyslexia

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developmental reading disorder

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Autistic spectrum disorders

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condition in which young children have difficulty developing normal relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow routines

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autism

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children with autism have significant developmental delays, including speech and language

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Dissociative disorder

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normal thought is separated from consciousness

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siccociative identity disorder

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multiple personality disorder

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factitious disorder

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condition in which individual acts as if they have a mental disorder when they do not

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impulse control disorders

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failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences

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bipolar disorder

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severe mood changes

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manic behavior

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abnormally elevated mood

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depression

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characterized by lethargy and sadness

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dysthymia

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low grade chronic depression

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seasonal affective disorder

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seasonal bout of depression

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psychotic disorder

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loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning

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catatonic behacior

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marked by lack of responsiveness, stupor, and tendency to remain in a fixed position

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hallucination

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sensory perception when there is no stimuli

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delusion

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false personal beleif

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Schizophrenia

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disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, delusions, hallucinations, and emotional and behavioral imbalances.

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somatoform disorder

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characterized by physical complaints or concerns about ones body

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hypochondriasis

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fearing that one has a serious illness despite appropriate medical evaluation

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Maingering

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intentional creation of false of exaggerated symptoms

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delirium tremens

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disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abrupt stopping of alcohol consumption

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psychotropic drug

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produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotion, and behavior. Used to treat narcolepsy and attention disorders

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anxiolytic drug

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aka anti anxiety drug; temporary relieve anxiety

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mood-stabilizing drugs

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example lithium, used to treat bipolar disorder

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Psychoanalysis

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idea that mental disorders have underlying cause

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cognitive therapy

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focus on changing ones thoughts that are affecting emotions and actions