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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adaptation
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Trait that provides animal with highest fitness relative to other traits in other individuals in a particular environment
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Evolution
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Change in frequency of a trait over time
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Fitness
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Lifetime reproductive success
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heritable
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Artificial selection can only occur with a trait that has ---- variation
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Teosinte
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First type of corn (Indigenous Mexicans)
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genetic variance
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Average amount of variation in traits within a population
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environmental variance
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Average amount of variation among individuals within one genotype across many populations
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broad send heritability
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(genetic) / (genetic + environmental)
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mutation, migration
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Mechanisms of genetic variation include ---- and -----
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evolutionary change
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pesticide resistance is one example of ---- --- caused by genetic variation
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somatic
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----- mutations occur in non-reproductive cells
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germ-line
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----- mutations occur in reproductive cells
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mRNA
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____ demonstrates what gene is being used, at a particular location
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Quantitative Trait Loci
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The --- --- --- is the gene that controls polygenic traits; heritable gene associated with inheritance of a particular trait
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Flint
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Experimented with mice in open fields to identify QTLs for anxiety possibly shared with humans
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1, 12
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Chromosomes identified by Dr. J Flint in mice, possibly shared by humans for anxiety
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Adaptive
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Anxiety can be ___ if it is beneficial in presence of predators
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Alleles
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Most traits need many alleles
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Narrow sense heritability
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Response differential / selection differential
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DNA microarrays
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--- ---- make possible to quantitatively measure DNA activity by transferring mRNA to more stable cDNA to analysis, indicating heightened, lowered and stable gene expression
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forage, nurse
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Old bees tend to ----, young bees tend to -----
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genes
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Networks of numerous ---- interact with internal and external environment to determine behaviour
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differential expression
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In DNA microarrays in bee experiment, 2000 genes between foragers and nursing bees showed ---- -----
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genes
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--- behave in a way that serves their own perpetuation / fitness, thus appearing selfish
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relative reproductive success
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Natural selection favours genes that increase the expected ----- ----- ------
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Low
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--- predation guppies produce fewer, larger offspring, more colourful specimens and smaller schools with close-proximity predator inspection
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High
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---predation guppies produce many offspring with early sexual maturity, drag specimens, high-frequency predator inspection at a distance
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Handicap theory
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Postulates that colourful high-predation guppies must be super awesome to survive
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schooling
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----- reduces individual risk, causes group confusion
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brood parasitism
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Another name for egg-dumping is --- ---
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rb>c
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Hamilton's rule
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Inclusive fitness
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Total fitness = # offspring + benefits from helping to raise blood relative
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learning
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------ depends on persistent change in input to brain
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forgetting
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---- involves lessened strength in post-synaptic connection and lower magnitude
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Eric Kandel
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Aplysia researcher
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sensory, motor
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reflex in aplyisa involve --- neuron and --- neuron
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habituation
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----- is the acquired reaction to irrelevant stimuli
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non-associative
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Acquired reflex (habituation / sensitization) is considered -------- learning
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associative
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Classical conditioning is also known as ----- learning
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Gilles Bazin
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"Our insects are proof, if the author of their Being has refused them an understanding like that of man; he has compensated for it, by sending them into the world ready instructed"
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stimulus, neuronal response
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Spider build a web is more complex than --- and --- ---, as is baby turtles finding their way to the sea
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fixed-action pattern
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Goose egg-rolling is an example of a --- --- ---
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instincts
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---- guide learning, indicating to animals what to pay attention to (ie. seagulls face-pecking, but eventually learning parents)
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bias, repetition and emotions
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---, --- and --- enables the mother/child bond and lets animals know who their offspring are
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neuronal representation
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Learning can also be conceived of as a change in --- ---
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damselfly
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In the ----- experiment, immediate anti-predatory behaviour is innate; secondary anti-predatory behaviour is learned
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population
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The ability to learn varies in the ---
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innate, learning
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---- behaviours are easier to select for than ----- related behaviours
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instructive
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innate behaviours are ------
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adaptive
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most innate behaviours and learning abilities are ----
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Blocking
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In classical conditioning, the addition of a secondary CS will not illicit a strong response
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Sherman and Semel
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Studied wood-ducks and brood parasitism
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Contagion
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"Response facilitation effect" - observer sees another doing something (ie. fleeing) and follows suit; contagions plus individual learning = social learning IF observer learns which example is worth following from EXPERIENCE
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Response facilitation effect
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Another name for "contagion"
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Crossing over
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During chromosomal pairing in cell division, sections of chromosomes may swap position, allowing for huge amounts of genetic variation
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Gould and Keeton
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Studies about "crossing over"
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Cultural transmission
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Non-genetic transmission of behaviour (ie. potato washing / stone place)
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Boyd and Richardson
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According to --- and ---, culture is a system of information transfer that affects an individual's phenotype; part of the phenotype is acquired from others by teaching or social learning
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Dasser
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Studied java monkeys looking at pictures of mother / child; reward monkey, who later identifies novel mother and child pairs successfully
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Dukas, Bernays, 20
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In the ___ and ___ grasshopper experiment, the grasshoppers who learn to select their food via reliable cues, has a ---% higher growth rate
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Empirical approach
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Develop explanation of observed and experimental behaviour
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eusociality
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Naked mole rats social structure (reproductive division of labor, overlapping generations, communal care of the young
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extinction curve, adaptive
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---- ----, or the length of time before information is forgotten, can be ---- based on relevance
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Jeff Galef
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Experimenter on foraging Norway rats
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Garcia's rats
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Experiment involving radioactive water and shocking water for rats
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Heritability analysis
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Measures the proportion of variation in a trait attributable to genetic variance; measures genes as mode of transmission
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genetic
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Huntington and Wright raised sticklebacks evolved from sites of both high-predation and low-predation to indicate that learning predator-avoidance has a high ---- component
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Information centre hypothesis
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Posits that in areas where environmental cues about food are always shifting, forages learn information about food from others
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Local enhancement
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Notion that observers learn from others by seeing them doing something in a specific area; once they get to that area, they learn on their own
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mutation
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Rates of --- are low per gene, but sufficiently high to create significant amounts of variation over evolutionary time
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DNA fingerprinting
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Technique used to determine relatedness; the more "bands" in common, the more related
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overshadowing
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In classical conditioning, the scenario when a CS2 is added, the CS1 on its own won't produce a big response
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parent-offspring regression
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Lack of environmental differential between parents and offspring; tendencies passed down regardless of context (ie. cliff swallows)
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phenotypic plasticity
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If behaviour is a phenotype, then learning is a type of ---- ----
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QTL
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The site of genes underlying a polygenic trait
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Selective differential
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The difference between the mean of truncated population and the original population in a NSH analysis
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social facilitation
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A theory of cultural transmission saying that the presence of a group enables behaviour because it reduces fear, allowing learning to take place (ie. large groups foraging)
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sociobiology
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Notion that natural selection acts on genes that code for animal behaviour
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EO Wilson
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Wrote book to demonstrate the power of natural selection to shape behaviour (valorized by behavioural ecologists and ethologists)
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Stephen's model
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Name for the model that indicates when innate behaviour vs. learning is preferable / necessary
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kinship
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Teaching has high-costs, so is only observed in ----- relationships
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opportunity teaching
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Places student in environment conducive to specific lesson
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coaching
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Altering the behaviour of the student through encouragement / punishment
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theoretical approach
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System to chart behaviours and predict future behaviours
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Caro and Hauser
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Developed definition of "Teaching" that we refer to
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low mate
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Species with ---- ---- investment have a high ability to learn association between odor and mate location
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Villareal and Domjan
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Scientists on the gerbil study
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xenophobia
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Adaptive behaviour for animals with limited resources in tightly-knit groups
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arid, mesic
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In tests on xenophobia, mole-rats from ---- areas more aggressive than those from ---- (some water) environments
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situation-specific tolerance
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Effect of consistently pairing a stimulus with reliable cues
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