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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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During this time period much of the classical culture of Greece & Rome was lost in Western Europe
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Middle Ages
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Rebirth of classical ideas of Greece & Rome.
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Renaissance
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Time of great artistic and intellectual creativity.
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Renaissance
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Marked the transition from Medieval to Modern Times.
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Renaissance
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Birthplace of the Renaissance.
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Italian City-States (Florence was first)
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The Renaissance began in Northern Italy about ________. (date)
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A.D. 1300
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The Renaissance peaked around __________.
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A.D. 1500
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Thought system of the Renaissance.
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Humanism
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Emphasized human worth and the importance of the individual. (ideology)
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Humanism
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Focused more on life in this world than on the afterlife.
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Humanists
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Powerful banking family that ruled Florence.
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Medici
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The support of the Medici family helped Florence produce many _________.
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artists and scholars
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"Father of Humanism"
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Petrarch
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Assembled a library of ancient Greek & Roman Manuscripts.
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Petrarch
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Author of The Prince.
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Machiavelli
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The ends justifies the means in political actions. (book)
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The Prince
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Was a guide to rulers on how to gain and keep political power often by ruthless means.
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The Prince
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Renaissance art differed from Medieval art in that it portrayed non-religious subjects and was _________.
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more realistic
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A man talented in many areas.
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"Renaissance Man"
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The best example of the "Renaissance Man."
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Leonardo da Vinci
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In addition to his paintings like "The Last Supper" he drew sketches of flying machines.
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Commissioned by the Pope to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
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Michelangelo
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A "melancholy genius" who was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet.
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Michelangelo
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While the Renaissance was flowering in Italy Northern Europe was recovering from the____.
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Black Death
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Killed nearly half the people of Western Europe in the 14th century.
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Black Death
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The Renaissance in Northern Europe was more ____.
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Religious in nature
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The Northern Renaissance began in _________.
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Flanders
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Renaissance writers who wanted to reform the Church.
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Christian Humanists
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Criticized society by comparing it to an ideal society. (book)
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Utopia
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Author of Utopia.
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Thomas More
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He was executed because he would not accept Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England.
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Thomas More
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Erasmus and Thomas Moore were _______.
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Christian Humanists
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Renaissance writers often wrote in the ______.
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Vernacular
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Language of the common people.
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Vernacular
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Priest who wanted the common man to be able to read the scripture and fought corruption in the Church.
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Erasmus
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"Leonardo of the North" his engravings often portrayed religious upheaval.
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Albrecht Durer
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His plays often explored the complexity of the individual.
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Shakespeare
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Helped spread the ideas of both the Renaissance and the Reformation. (Invention)
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Printing Press
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Inventor of the Printing Press.
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Johann Gutenberg
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Founder of the Protestant Reformation.
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Martin Luther
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Broke with the Catholic church over salvation by faith.
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Martin Luther
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Christians became divided as Catholics and Protestants.
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Reformation
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Freed the owner of time in Purgatory/were granted by the Church.
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indulgences
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Place of suffering where people are purified of sins before going to heaven.
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Purgatory
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Authorized the sale of indulgences.
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Pope Leo X
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To finance Renaissance projects in Rome Pope Leo X authorized the sale of ___________.
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indulgences
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Issue that actually brought Luther in conflict with the Roman Catholic church.
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sale of indulgences
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Luther's criticism of the sale of indulgences. (Document).
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95 Theses
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Ninety-five Theses nailed to Church in____. (date).
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A.D. 1517
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One is saved solely by trusting Christ.
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Justification by Faith
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Luther's basic belief.
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Justification by Faith
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Luther believed it was the only authority for Christian life.
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Bible
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Council condemns Luther as heretic and outlaw.
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Diet of Worms
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Excommunicated Luther (person)
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Pope Leo X
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Holy Roman Emperor/called Diet of Worms/ fought against Protestantism.
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Charles V
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Encouraged by Luther's idea of Christian freedom Peasants demanded an end to serfdom and ______________.
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revolted
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With Luther's support the Nobles brutally suppressed the ______________.
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Peasant revolt
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Those who broke away from the Catholic Church.
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Protestants
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Name originally referred to the princes who refused to join the pope against Luther, eventually comes to refer to all who broke with the Catholic Church.
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Protestant
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In Geneva Switzerland Calvin established a _______.
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Theocracy
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Calvin's teaching that God determines what will happen before it does, especially who will be saved. (actually before the foundations of the universe).
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Predestination
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Calvin was most influenced by Luther's idea that humans __________________.
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cannot earn a place in heaven
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One reason for the Reformation was that European merchants _____________.
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resented paying taxes to the Church in Rome
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Luther & others break from the Catholic Church.
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Protestant Reformation
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Catholic Reformation
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Counter Reformation
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Lutheran, Reformed, Anabaptist, and Anglicanism
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four branches of Reformation
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Shaped the reformed branch of the reformation. (person)
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John Calvin
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English King broke with the pope.
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Henry VIII
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end his marriage
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Henry VIII broke with the pope because he would not __________.
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Made Henry VIII the official head of the Church of England. (1534)
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Act of Supremacy
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Daughter of Henry VIII tried to reinstate Catholicism.
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Mary I (Mary Tudor or Bloody Mary)
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Made England Protestant with some Catholic practices. (ruler)
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Elizabeth I
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Name of the Protestant Church of England
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Anglicanism
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Wanted to purify the Anglican Church of Catholic practices. (group)
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Puritans
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Puritan beliefs were ________.
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Calvinistic
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Attempts to reform the Catholic Church and win back converts.
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Counter Reformation
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Defined Catholic doctrine (1545) (meeting)
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Council of Trent
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Agreed that the Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. (meeting)
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Council of Trent
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Council of Trent
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Established direction of Catholic reforms.
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Founder of the Jesuit Order.
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Ignatius Loyola
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A society of Jesus.
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Jesuits
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Attempted to win people back to Catholicism by education (group)
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Jesuits
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The Council of Trent and the formation of the Jesuits were parts of the __________.
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Counter Reformation
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Gave each prince the right to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism for his realm. (1555) (Holy Roman Empire) (German states)
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Peace of Augsburg
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Radical wing of the Reformation, Sought a return to early Christianity.
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Anabaptists
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Believed people should be baptized only after conversion or regeneration (group).
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Anabaptists
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First to want complete separation of Church and State (group).
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Anabaptist
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Menno Simons demanded _________.
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Pacifism
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The belief that violence or warfare are never justified & should never be used even to serve a good cause.
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Pacifism
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After Menno Simons death Anabaptists in the Netherlands were called ______.
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Mennonites
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In some Italian cities Jews were forced to live in a separate part of the city called a ________.
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ghetto
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In the 1400s European explorers searched for a better _______.
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trade route to Asia
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In the 1300s Europeans depended on Asia & India for ________.
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Spices
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In the 1300's controlled the spice trade in Asia & Europe
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Arab & Venetian merchants
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Merchants seeking profitable trade with Asia.
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Motivation for exploration
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Christian leaders sought to halt expansion of Islamic empires and spread Christian teachings
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Motivation for exploration
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Explorers were aided by improved sailing and navigation _______.
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Technology
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First country to venture out on the Atlantic ocean in search of spices and Gold.
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Portugal
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Set up a school for Navigators
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Under his patronage sailors discovered: the Azores, the Madeira Islands and the Cape Verde Islands.
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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The discoveries made under the patronage of Prince Henry became the foundation of the ___________.
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Portuguese Empire
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Discovered the sea route around Africa past the Cape of Good Hope
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Bartholomeu Dias
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Portuguese captain who was first to reach India. (Calicut)
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Vasco da Gama
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In the 1400s, the Portuguese established a major presence on __________.
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the coasts of Africa
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Portuguese defeated the Muslims and established control of the _________.
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Indian Ocean
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Seizing key ports around the Indian Ocean they came to dominate European-Asian trade.
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Portuguese
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An end to internal and external conflict enable Spain to enter the race for _______.
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Asian riches
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Financed Columbus' voyages
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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Columbus sought a route to the East by _____.
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going West
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Explorer who concluded that the "New World" must be a continent and not part of Asia
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Line drawn by the Pope giving the "New World" to Spain & Africa & India to Portugal for colonization
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Line of Demarcation
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Adjusted the line of demarcation to the West, giving Portugal control of Brazil.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Commanded the first expedition to circumnavigate the world.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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To circle the world.
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circumnavigate
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His voyage proved the world was round & much larger than anyone believed.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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His voyage proved the lands where Columbus landed were not part of Asia.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Portuguese also colonized ___________ in South America.
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Brazil
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Lost out in Africa when other European countries began to colonize because they did not venture inland or establish colonies.
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Portuguese
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In the 1500s & 1600 became the most important trade item from Africa
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Slaves
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The slave trade in Africa was broadened by __.
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European Participation
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The slave trade filled the demand for ____.
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cheap labor
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Europeans seeking slaves seldom ventured into __________.
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Africa's interior
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European Slave Traders
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Relied on African rulers and traders to seize captives and bring them to the coast.
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Ruler of the Kongo, who tried to halt the slave trade in his lands.
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Affonso I
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Some African states disappeared because of the _____.
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slave trade
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Some new African States arose whose way of life depended on the ___.
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slave trade
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African slave trading state, unified by Osei Tutu in what is present day Ghana.
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Asante kingdom
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African states often waged war against one another to dominate the _________.
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slave trade
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Its leaders used wealth from the slave trade to build a strong army in what is present-day Nigeria.
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Oyo Empire
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First Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination of Asian trade.
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Dutch
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First permanent European settlement in Africa built by the Dutch to supply ships sailing around Africa.
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Cape Town
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Dutch farmers who settled around Cape Town in South Africa.
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Boers
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Muslim empire in India from 1526 to 1857.
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Mughal Empire
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Had the sovereign powers of a state, built an army and dominated Southeast Asia.
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Dutch East India Company
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Took over the Philippines and made it a key link in its trading empire.
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Spain
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At one point the Mughal empire was stronger than any European country, but eventually it lost power and the British and French fought for control of _____.
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India
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Both the British and the French East India Companies used these India soldiers in their armies.
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sepoys
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By the late 1700s it controlled most of India
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British East India Company
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Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644, allowed trade with Europeans and accepted European missionaries.
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Ming Dynasty
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Seized Beijing in 1644 and set up the Qing Dynasty in China.
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Manchu's
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Manchurian dynasty of China.
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Qing
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Both the Ming & the Qing practiced a policy of ___.
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Restricted foreign trade
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Because of its exclusion of foreigners it became known as the "Hermit Kingdom."
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Korea
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Unlike the Chinese or the Koreans, the Japanese at first ______________.
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welcomed Westerners
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When many Japanese were converted by the Jesuits, the Tokugawa Shoguns worried that the Japanese Christians would be loyal to the Pope over ___________.
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Japanese leaders
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Expelled foreign missionaries and persecuted Japanese Christians.
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Tokugawa Shoguns
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For 200 years Japan remained __________.
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isolated
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Columbus first meeting with Native Americans began a recurring cycle of _________ across the Western Hemisphere.
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encounter, conquest & death
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Spanish who came to America "to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do."
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Conquistadors
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Conquistador who conquered Aztec Mexico for Spain.
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Hernan Cortes
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Empire that ruled Mexico before Spanish invasion.
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Aztec
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Ruler of Aztec Empire at time of Spanish invasion.
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Moctezuma
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Spanish advantage in fighting Aztecs & Incas.
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horses and guns
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Conquistador who conquered Peru's Inca Empire.
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Francisco Pizarro
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Empire in Peru conquered by Spanish.
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Inca
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Included islands in the West Indies, Central, America, Mexico, much of South America, and parts of present day U.S.
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Spanish American Empire
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Spain's two goals for American empire.
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exploit its wealth & convert native Americans to Christianity
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Gave Conquistadors the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area. (granted by Spanish monarch)
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Encomienda
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European weapon that killed (by far) the most native Americans.
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disease
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Most valuable exports from Spanish colonies.
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gold & silver
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Representatives appointed by the Spanish Monarch who ruled in his name.
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viceroys
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In the 1600s American colonies based their economies on agricultural products that required ____________.
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intensive labor.
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At his insistence the crown did pass laws against the enslavement and mistreatment of Native Americans.
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Las Casas
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Native Americans who labored to pay impossible debts created by landlords.
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Peons
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To meet the intensive labor demands in the American colonies, plantation owner's used _______.
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Enslaved Africans
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People born in Europe filled the highest positions in Spanish Colonial government.
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Peninsulares
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American born descendents of Spanish settlers, second highest on social scale.
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Creoles
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People of mixed European and Native American descent.
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Mestizos
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People of mixed European & African descent.
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Mulattoes
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Mestizos & Mulattoes were the third rung of the colonial __________.
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social scale
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In the 1600s the French, Dutch, English and Spanish all competed for lands in _________.
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North America
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By the 1700 North America was dominated by __.
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France & England
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Explored much of Eastern Canada and claimed it for France.
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Jacques Cartier
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First permanent French settlement in North America, established in 1608.
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Quebec
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Most of their colonists were involved in fur trapping, fur trading and fishing.
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French
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In the early 1700s New France's population remained __________.
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small
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First permanent English colony established in 1607.
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Jamestown
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English protestants who settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, because the rejected the Church of England.
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Pilgrims
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Agreement reached for governing the Plymouth colony.
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Mayflower compact
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War between France and England that started in the colonies and spread to the rest of the world where it became know as the Seven Years war.
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French & Indian War
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Ended the French & Indian war in 1763 and gave the British much of French territory in North America.
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Treaty of Paris.
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The slave trade was part of the ___________.
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triangular trade
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The trading pattern that developed among the American colonies, the West Indies, the coast of Africa, and the British isles.
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triangular trade
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Left their home ports carrying manufactured goods.
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European ships
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In West Africa ships captains exchanged their goods with local rulers for _________.
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enslaved people
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Enslaved Africans were sold in the colonies and the money was used to buy _________.
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sugar, molasses, cotton and tobacco.
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Ships returned to Europe to sell the goods _____________.
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purchased in America
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The transportation of African people to slave markets in the Americas.
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Middle Passage
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During the middle passage Africans were chained together in such a tight space that they could neither _________.
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stand nor lie at full length
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During the middle passage many Africans died of ________.
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suffocation and disease
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Many Africans resisted their enslavement by __________.
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fleeing or rebellion
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In the West Indies and some other areas the enslaved population came to outnumber the ___.
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free population
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In areas where the slave populations out numbered the free population the free population lived in constant fear of __________.
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slave uprisings
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Silver and gold flowing from the colonies to Europe resulted in great inflation.
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Price Revolution
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An economic system of private ownership of business that arose as a result of the price revolution.
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capitalism
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People who took financial risks and were the key to the rise of capitalism.
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entrepreneurs
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Fierce competition for trade and empires led to a new economic system called_____________.
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Mercantilism
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Theory that a nation's power depended upon its wealth (Gold & Silver Reserves.
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Mercantilism
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According to mercantilism a nation should increase its supply of gold and silver by carrying on a _____________.
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favorable balance of trade
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More exports than imports.
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favorable balance of trade
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In the mercantilist system colonies helped a country maintain a __________.
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favorable balance of trade.
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The enormous widespread exchange of agricultural goods, livestock, slave labor, communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that occurred after 1492.
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Columbian exchange
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The Columbian exchange transformed European, American, African & Asian _____.
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ways of life
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Tobacco, potatoes, and tomatoes moved from the _______________.
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Western to Eastern hemisphere
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The horse and other livestock moved from the __________.
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Eastern to Western hemisphere
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