Mcat Biology Chapter 8

Front 1

What are the four types of cells in muscle tissue?

Back 1

1.) Osteoprogenitor
2.) Osteoblasts
3.) Osteocytes
4.) osteoclasts

Front 2

What is the function of an osteoprogenitor?

Back 2

Make osteoblasts

Front 3

What is the function of a osteoblast?

Back 3

Store collagen and organic compounds, release matrix and become enveloped becoming osteocytes

Front 4

What is the function of an osteocyte?

Back 4

exchange nutrients and waste

Front 5

What is the function of an osteoclast?

Back 5

resorb bone matrix, release minerals into blood, develop from white blood cells (monocytes)

Front 6

What is the agonist in skeletal muscle?

Back 6

contracts, responsible for movement

Front 7

What is the antagoinist in skeletal muscle

Back 7

stretches

Front 8

What is a tendon?

Back 8

Bone to muscle

Front 9

What is commensalism?

Back 9

Beneficial relationship for one species, but does not affect the other.

Front 10

What happens during vasoldilation?

Back 10

smooth muscle relaxes (could be due to paralysis)

Front 11

What is myoglobin?

Back 11

-oxygen storing protein that looks like 1 subunit of hemoglobin.

-stores 1 moleculare of oxygen

Front 12

What is type I slow oxidative muscle?

Back 12

It is red, lots of myoglobin and mitochondira, splits ATP slowly, slow to fatigue but slow to react.

Front 13

What is type II fast oxidative muscle?

Back 13

-Red,
-Split ATP fast, contracts rapidly
-Somewhat resistant to fatigue

Front 14

What is type II B muscle?

Back 14

-Fast glycolytic fibers
-low myoglobin
-white
-contracts rapidly
-large amounts of glycogen required

Front 15

What are the three types of skeletal muscle?

Back 15

Type I-Slow oxidative
Type II-Fast oxidative
Type IIB-Fast Glycolytic

Front 16

What are four functions of muscle contraction?

Back 16

1.) body movement
2.) stablilization of body position
3.) movement of substances through the body
4.) generating heat to maintain body temp

Front 17

What is the function of a ligament?

Back 17

ligament connects bone to bone

Front 18

How does leverage interact with muscle movement?

Back 18

Most lever systems of the body act to increase the required force of a muscle contraction.

-Greater force than mg is required to lift a system.

Front 19

Describe the dermis?

Back 19

-Connective tissue
-Bottom layer
-has blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles
-collagen and elastin fibers give teh skin strength extensibility and elasticity

Front 20

Describe the epidermis?

Back 20

-Top layer of the skin
-Avascular
-90% kartinocytes (weather proof the skin)
-Merkel-touch cells
-5 strata, stem cells at bottom produce keratinocytes which get pushed up layers and die

Front 21

What are the 7 functions of skin?

Back 21

-Protection
-Thermoregulation
-Evnironmental sensory input
-Secretion-insensible fluid loss
-Immunity
-Blood reservoir
-Vitamin D synthesis

Front 22

Describe the neuromuscular synapse.

Back 22

Action potential- achetycholine- ion chanel in the sacrolemma - T-tubules (tunnels allowing for uniform contraction) - sacroplasmic reticulum-permeable to Ca2+ ions

At the end Ca2+ is pumped back into the sacroplasmic reticulum.

Front 23

What are the three types of joints?

Back 23

1.) fibrous
2.) Cartilaginuous
3.) synovial

Front 24

Describe fibrous joints.

Back 24

-two joints held closely together
-no movement
-skull, teeth

Front 25

Describe cartilaginuous joints?

Back 25

Little/no movement
-ribs, sternum

Front 26

Describe synovial joints.

Back 26

Seperated by capsule filled with synovial fluid. Provides lubrication and nourishment to the cartilage and has phagocytic cells to remove injured particles.
-Wide range of movement

Front 27

Describe smooth muscle

Back 27

-innvervated by autonomic nervous system
-one nucleus
-thick and thin filaments but no sacromeres
-intermediate filaments attached to dense bodies which are pulled together during contraction causing cell to shrink length wise
-responds to hormonal, pH, O2, CO2, temp changes

Front 28

Describe single unit smooth muscle

Back 28

-visceral
-connect by gap junctions so that a single nerve can cause a contraction as a unit
-small arteries and veins, the stomach, bladder, uterus

Front 29

Describe multi unit smooth muscle

Back 29

-each smooth muscle fiber attached to a nerve
-larger arteries, bronchioles, pili, hair follicles, iris

Front 30

What happens to skeletal muscle when you work out?

Back 30

1.) diameter of muscle increases
2.) increase in number of sacromeres and mitochondria
3.) sacromeres lengthen (hypertrophy)

Front 31

Describe cardiac muscle

Back 31

-striated
-seperated from neighbor by interclated discs (gap junctions)
-once nuclei
-larger and more mitochondria
-not connected to bone
-grows by hypertrophy
-plateu is created by slow voltage gated channels, which allows calcium to enter and hold inside the membrane, lengthens the the time of contraction

Front 32

Describe cartilage

Back 32

-made of collagen
-great tensile strength
-no blood vessels or nerves
-three types: hyaline *** absorbs shock, fibrocartilage, elastic

Front 33

Describe the four types of bone.

Back 33

1.) Long-shaft curved, compact and spongy, legs, fingers toes
2.) short- cubodial, ankle, wrist
3.) flat-spongy surrounded by compact skull, ribs, shoulder blades
4.) irregular- irregular

Front 34

What is the function/ is hydroxyapatite?

Back 34

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

-way of storing Ca2+
-lies along collagen and gives a lot of stength (compressive)

Front 35

What surrounds the medullary cavity?

Back 35

compact bone surrounds yellow bone marrow

Front 36

What are Haversian canals?

Back 36

-tunnels created by osteoclasts in compact bone.
-osteoblasts fill in tunnels forming lamellae
-osteocytes (old osteoclasts) trapped gain nutrients from canaliculi

Front 37

What are Volkmann's canals?

Back 37

-cross canals in compact bone according to Haversian system

Front 38

Describe spongy bone

Back 38

-contains red bone marrow
-site of hemopoiesis

Front 39

What is the relationship between pH and O2 release from hemoglobin?

Back 39

At a low pH release of O2 is enhanced, thus breathing rate increases

Front 40

Vaccines contain?

Back 40

antigens

Front 41

What arises in the bone marrow?

Back 41

helper T-cells, B-cells, erythrocytes

Front 42

Interleukins act by?

Back 42

Diffusing through the membrane of helper T-cells and binding to a receptor in the cytosol

Front 43

What are the cells that release testosterone?

Back 43

heydig cells