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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The cardiovascular system consists of |
muscular four-chambered heart blood vessels blood |
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The heart is composed of ______ and supports two different circulations: Each side of the heart consists of _______. The atria are separated from the ventricles by the _______. The ventricles are separated from the vasculature by the _______. The pathway of blood is: The _______ side of the heart contains more muscle than the _______ side because the ________ has a much higher resistance and pressure. Electrical conduction of the heart starts at the ________ and then goes to the _______. From there, electric al conduction goes to the ________ before traveling through the _______. _______ refers to the period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed. During _______, the heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed. The cardiac output is the product of ________. The sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate and contractility. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate. |
cardiac muscle pulmonary circulation systemic circulation atrium and ventricle atrioventricular valves (tricuspid on the right, mitral or bicuspid on the left) semilunar valves (pulmonary on the right, aortic on the left) right atrium (tricuspid valve) right ventricle (pulmonary valve) pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary veins left atrium (mitral valve) left ventricle (aortic valve) aorta arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins venae cavae right atrium left right systemic sinoatrial (SA) node atrioventricular (AV) node bundle of His Purkinje fibers systole diastole heart rate and stroke volume |
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The vasculature consists of ________. _______ are thick, highly muscular structures with an elastic quality. This allows for recoil and helps to propel blood forward within the system. Small muscular arteries are _______, which control flow into capillary beds. _______ have walls that are one cell thick, making them so narrow that red blood cells must travel through them in single-file lines. They are the sites of gas and solute exchange. _______ are inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart. They are able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil capability. They are compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles and have valves to maintain one-way flow. Small veins are called _______. |
arteries, veins and capillaries arteries arterioles capillaries veins venules |
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A _______ is one in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series. In the _______, blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via the hepatic portal vein. In the _______, blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. In the _______, blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole. |
portal system hepatic portal system hypophyseal portal system renal portal system |
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Blood is composed of ________. |
cells plasma aqueous mixture of nutrients salts respiratory gases hormones blood proteins |
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________ lack mitochondria, a nucleus, and organelles in order to make room for ________, a protein that carries oxygen. Common measurements include _______ and ________, the percent of blood composed of red blood cells. |
erythrocytes (red blood cells) hemoglobin hemoglobin concentration hematocrit |
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________ are formed in the bone marrow. They are a crucial part of the immune system. ________ such as _______ play a role in nonspecific immunity. _______, including _______, also play a role in immunity, with _______, playing a large role in specific immunity. |
leukocytes (white blood cells) granular leukocytes neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils |
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________ are cell fragments from _______ that are required for coagulation. |
thrombocytes (platelets) megakaryocytes |
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________ Rh factor is dominant. |
positive |
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________ refers to the force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood. It is divided into _______ components. It must be high enough to overcome the resistance created by arterioles and capillaries, but low enough to avoid damaging the vasculature and surrounding structures. It can be measured with a _______. The blood pressure is maintained by _______ reflexes. Low blood pressure promotes _______ release. High blood osmolarity also promotes _______ release. High blood pressure promotes _______ release. |
blood pressure systolic diastolic sphygmomanometer aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) ADH/vasopressin atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
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Gas and solute exchange occurs at the level of the ______ and relies on the existence of concentration gradients to facilitate diffusion across the _______ walls. _______ are also leaky, which aids in transport of gases and solutes. Starling forces consist of _______. _______ pressure is the pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel, while _______ pressure is the "sucking" pressure drawing water toward solutes. _______ pressure is osmotic pressure due to proteins. ________ pressure forced fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed; _______ pressure draws it back in at the venule end. Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin, which exhibits _______. In the lungs, there is a high partial pressure of oxygen, resulting in loading of oxygen onto hemoglobin. In the tissues, there is a low partial pressure of oxygen, resulting in unloading. With cooperative binding, each successive oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity of the other subunits, while each successive oxygen released decreases the affinity of the other subunits. Carbon dioxide is largely carried in the blood in the form of _______. Carbon dioxide is nonpolar and not particularly soluble, while _______ are polar and highly soluble. _______ can cause a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, reflecting a _______ affinity for oxygen. In addition to the opposites of the causes of a right shift, a left shift can also be seen in _______. Nutrients, wastes, and hormones are carried in the bloodstream to tissues for use or disposal. |
capillaries hydrostatic pressure and osmotic (oncotic) pressure hydrostatic osmotic oncotic hydrostatic oncotic cooperative binding carbonic acid ( H2CO3) or bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions high PaCO2 (partial pressure) high [H+] low pH high temperature high concentration of 2,3-BPG decreased fetal hemoglobin (compared to adult hemoglobin) |
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Coagulation results from an activation cascade. When the _______ of a blood vessel is damaged, the _______ underlying the _______ are exposed. This results in a cascade of events known as the coagulation cascade, ultimately resulting in the formation of a clot over the damaged area. _______ bind to the collagen and are stabilized by _______, which activated by _______. Clots can be broken down by _______. |
endothelial lining collagen and tissue factor endothelial cells platelets fibrin thrombin plasmin |
