Mastitis

Front 1

What is the definition of mastitis?

Back 1

inflammation of the mammary gland

Front 2

what is in milk?

Back 2

-colostrum

-vitamins

-water

-electrolytes

-amino acids

-proteins

Front 3

T or F:

cells and proteins in the milk are produced from the mammary gland

Back 3

false, they get there from the circulatory system or local lymphoid tissue

Front 4

what are the major cells found in milk?

Back 4

-sloughed epithelial cells

-"smattering of immune cells"

Front 5

with inflammation, there is an influx of ______ into milk and a leakage of ______ _______ and __________

Back 5

influx of neutrophils

leakage of serum protein and electrolytes

Front 6

what does milk from more serious mastitis look like?

Back 6

-clots

-chunks

-can be serous

-can be hemorrhagic

Front 7

with severe mastitis, _______ and ______ content decline

Back 7

protein and fat both decline

Front 8

name the 4 most common ways of evaluating abnormal milk?

Back 8

-strip plate/cup/boot

-california mastitis test

-milk culture

-somatic cell coun

Front 9

how does a strip plate/cup/boot work to evaluate milk?

Back 9

black surface highlights chunks or clots

Front 10

how does the california mastitis test work/

Back 10

-milk is mixed with a detergent in a cup that lyses cells

-DNA forms strands making a gelatinous mixture

Front 11

what triggers a positive on the CMT?

Back 11

-lots of neutrophils

-lots of bacterial

Front 12

how is the CMT scored?

Back 12

none

trace

1

2

3

Front 13

what somatic cell count makes a "sterile" quarter?

Back 13

<200,000

Front 14

what is the range for a CMT score of 1 for cell counts?

Back 14

400,000-1,200,000

Front 15

what is a 2 on the CMT?

Back 15

1,200,000 to 5 million

Front 16

what is 3 on the CMT?

Back 16

over 5 million

Front 17

what is a trace on the CMT score?

Back 17

200,000-400,000

Front 18

T or F:

milk cytology is done often

Back 18

false, unless you suspect fungi

Front 19

cow's milk normally has ___mEq/L of Na and ___mEq/L of potassium

Back 19

22 sodium

38 potassium

Front 20

Mastitis is almost always the result of .....?

Back 20

a microbial infection

most are bacterial, small percentage are fungal/algae

Front 21

how do most microbes in mastitis get to the mammary gland?

Back 21

-majority enter through teat end

-some come from bloodstream or penetrating injury

Front 22

what are the 5 clinical presentations of mastitis?

Back 22

-subclinical

-clinical mastitis, acute or chronic

-toxic mastitis

-gangrenous mastitis

-mammary abscesse

Front 23

how do the milk and udder look with subclinical mastitis?

Back 23

normal

Front 24

why is subclinical mastitis important?

(3 reasons)

Back 24

1. it can flare up and cause clinical mastitis

2. cow can act as a reservoir for other cows

3. may cause production losses by decreasing milk volume or quantity

Front 25

describe clinical mastitis

Back 25

-when inflammation becomes severe enough to visibly affect milk quality, udder, or dam's comfort

Front 26

what does the udder look like with clinical mastitis?

what about the dam?

Back 26

-udder is red, swollen, edematous, pain on milking

-not wanting to lie down or be milked, uncomfortable when lying down

Front 27

name 3 ways a cow can get mastitis

(not bacteria, fungus, etc)

Back 27

1. acute infection

2. rapid worsening of infection acquired during non-lactation

3. flare up of a chronic infection

Front 28

describe how the milk of acute clinical mastitis looks

Back 28

-clots/chunks/thick

-blood

-watery

Front 29

T or F:

cattle with clinical mastitis often have a fever and severe tachycardia

Back 29

false

systemic effects are usually transient or uncommon

Front 30

what bugs most often cause a cow with clinical mastitis to have a fever?

Back 30

mycoplasma

pasteurella

candida

peracute staph aureus

Front 31

what clinical signs are present with acute clinical mastitis?

Back 31

-MAYBE tachycardia and fever

-swollen udder/reluctance to lie down

-bad milk

-slightly decreased milk production

-slightly decreased appetite

Front 32

what is the main diagnostic test for acute clinical mastitis?

Back 32

bacterial culture

Front 33

name 3 reasons why you should do a bacterial culture on milk of acute clinical mastitis

Back 33

1. more appropriate use of antibiotics

2. more accurate determination of prognosis

3. better tailoring of prophylactic measures

Front 34

how do you treat acute clinical mastitis?

Back 34

3-7 day days of intramammary and/or systemic antibiotics

Front 35

what other things may be helpful with treating acute clinical mastitis?

Back 35

-NSAIDS

-frequent milk stripping

-milk affected cows separately

Front 36

toxic mastitis is usually the result of what intramammary infection?

Back 36

gram negative

systemic effects are due to the endotoxin

Front 37

what is the pathogenesis of toxic mastitis?

Back 37

gram negative intramammary infection

massive inflammatory response within 16-24 hours kills of organisms

endotoxin release causes much of the morbidity

Front 38

T or F:

with toxic mastitis, all 4 quarters will have high CMT scores

Back 38

false, the quarters can be sterile

many of the clinical signs from toxic mastitis are due to the endotoxin release

Front 39

what does milk look like with toxic mastitis?

Back 39

serous

watery

occasionally blood tinged

Front 40

what does the infected quarter look like with toxic mastitis

how does this compare to acute clinical mastitis

Back 40

-warm, swollen, and reddened

-clinical mastitis is also reddened, swollen, edematous or firm

I think the difference is the warmth from all the inflammation

Front 41

what are the systemic signs of toxic mastitis?

Back 41

-obtundation

-tachycardia

-injected sclera

-HYPOthermia

-cold extremities

Front 42

which of the following are you least likely to see in a cow with toxic mastitis?

-tachycardia

-injected sclera

-ruminal atony

-fever

-tachypnea

-coagulation/DIC

Back 42

fever.

Front 43

if your cow has gram negative sepsis/toxemia, what will the bloodwork reveal?

Back 43

-panleukopenia

-left shift

-toxic changes

Front 44

if your patient with toxic mastitis is in shock, what will you see?

Back 44

-hyperlactemia

-azotemia

-increased anion gap

-metabolic acidosis

-hyponatremia, chloremia, proteinemia

Front 45

T or F:

toxic mastitis causes a hypochloremic hyponatremia metabolic acidosis, just like a DA

Back 45

TRUE!

things are lost in the udder just like in the rumen

Front 46

hematologic changes due to toxic mastitis may be ______ _______ during the first week post partum due to immunosuppression

Back 46

less evident

Front 47

T or F:

toxic mastitis is a slowly building disease, so you wait for culture results before you treat

Back 47

false.

it's a peracute disease, need to treat before culture results

Front 48

name 4 things you should do to treat a cow with toxic mastitis

Back 48

1. IV oor oral fluids

2. anti-inflammatories (flunixin)

3. supportive care for weakness/recumbency

4. systemic antibiotics, maybe

Front 49

what antibiotic do most people use for toxic mastitis?

Back 49

ceftiofur

Front 50

name 3 local therapies you can give to a cow with toxic mastitis

Back 50

1. frequent stripping to flush out toxins

2. intramammary antibiotics

3. intramammary endotoxin binders (polymixin B)

Front 51

which of the follow is most likely to cause a cow with a fever:

subclinical mastitis

gangrenous mastitis

acute mastitis

toxic mastitis

Back 51

gangrenous!

Front 52

T or F:

cows with gangrenous mastitis often have signs of toxemia (rumenal atony, injected sclera)

Back 52

t

Front 53

what is the distinguishing characteristic of gangrenous mastitis?

Back 53

-the affected quarter changes from pink to red to purple to blue and becomes COLD

Front 54

you touch a gangrenous udder, what do you feel?

Back 54

-cold

-gas

Front 55

what does the milk look like with gangrenous mastitis?

Back 55

-serous

-tissue chunks and blood

Front 56

with gangrenous mastitis, hematologic changes tend more towards _______ than ______

hint: what are the WBCs doing?

Back 56

leukocytosis vs leukopenia

you see leukopenia with gram negative sepssi though

Front 57

what is the difference in treating for gangrenous mastitis and toxic mastitis?

Back 57

your antibiotics should be directed against gram POSITIVE bacteria with gangrenous mastitis

Front 58

what do you inject into the teat of gangrenous mastitis that you would not inject in other forms of mastitis?

Back 58

-toxic agent to sterilize the quarter

-chlorhexidine

Front 59

advanced gangrenous quarters may be ________ ______ or may _______ spontaneously

Back 59

removed surgically

slough

Front 60

mammary abscess occur when invading organisms evoke a ________ ________ _______ and are not cleared

Back 60

strong fibrotic response

Front 61

how do most cows appear clinically when they have a mammary abscess?

what about their milk?

Back 61

relatively normal

milk looks normal too, unless the entire gland is involved

Front 62

how do you treat focal absceses?

Back 62

-lance, flush, antimicrobials

-wait until the cow is dry to treat

Front 63

if you have mammary abscess with global involvement, how do you treat it?

Back 63

same as acute mastitis

Front 64

the highest prevalence for most forms of mastitis is....?

Back 64

in the last few days of pregnancy and the early postparturient period

Front 65

name reasons why mastitis happens right around birthing

Back 65

-infections in dry period flare up when lactation starts

-immunosupression

-weakness of teat sphincters

-increased recumbency

-greater environmental contamination

-transmission during milking

Front 66

what are the 4 most common isolates for acute clinical mastitis in cows?

sheep?

Back 66

-streptotoccus agalactiae

-str. uberis

-staph aureus

-mycoplasma

pasteurella in sheep

Front 67

what are the 4 common isolates from toxic mastitis in cows?

Back 67

-e coli

-salmonella

-pseudomonas auriginosa

-klebsiella

Front 68

what is klebsiella associated with?

psuedomonas aeruginosa?

Back 68

klebsiella= sawdust bedding

pseudomonas= chlorhex antiseptics

Front 69

main isolate from gangrenous mastitis?

Back 69

staph aureus

Front 70

top 2 isolates from mammary absces?

Back 70

trueperella pyogenes

staph aureus

Front 71

what is the difference between mastitis acquired from the environment vs acquired from contagion?

Back 71

environment= in dirt or fecal organissm

contagious= lives in the mammary gland, comes out milk

Front 72

what are the 4 most important contagious organisms?

THE most important?

Back 72

1. strep agalactiae

2. strep dysgalactiae

3. staph aureus

4. mycoplasma

Front 73

mastitis from what two organisms are considered permanent infections

Back 73

-staph aureus

-mycoplasma

Front 74

if a pathogen is not on the list of the 4 most contagious organisms for mastitis, then it is an...

Back 74

environmental contaminant

Front 75

gram _________ tend to cause acute mastitis or abscesses, gram ________ tend to cause toxic mastitis

Back 75

gram positive-->acute + abscess

gram negative-->toxic

Front 76

why would a cow develop acute mastitis from a gram NEGATIVE pathogen?

Back 76

-vaccinated against the endotoxin

Front 77

many infections of mastitis occur during...?

Back 77

the milking procedure

Front 78

name some ways a cow could get mastitis during the milking procedure

Back 78

-inadequate cleansing and drying of teats

-contamination of milking machine

-dirty milkers hands

-bad vacuum cycling

Front 79

10 ways to control contagious mastitis

Back 79

1. teat dipping in barrier germicide after milking

2. dry cow antibiotic treatment

3. milk infected cows last

4. clean milking claw w/ hot water or germicide after milking infected cows

5. wash and dry teats on cloth/paper towels

6. milkers have clean hands and gloves

7. culture new herd additions

8. cull PI cows

9. minimize teat lesions

10. dry cow antibiotic treatment during gestation of heifers

Front 80

T or F:

contagious pathogens are more difficult to control than contagious ones

Back 80

false!

environmental are harder, they're everywhere!

Front 81

T or F:

many environmental pathogens are resistant to germicides in teat dips and antibiotics

Back 81

true

Front 82

9 ways to control environmental mastitis?

Back 82

1. identify and remove source (bedding, ponds)

2. clip hair on udders/tail dock/medial dewclaw

3. milk only clean dry teats

4. pre-dip teats

5. offer feed after milking to keep them standing

6. sterile infusing products when treating

7. clean milking parlor

8. keep teat dipper clean

9. check pipelines/water heater

Front 83

can you vaccinate for mastitis?

Back 83

yes, J5 vaccine for gram negative

Front 84

T or F:

J5 is against LPS

Back 84

technically false, they're organisms without outer polysaccharide, exposing LPS

Front 85

properly vaccianted cows have ___% decrease in toxic mastitis

Back 85

70%

Front 86

T or F:

there's a vaccine against S. aureus

Back 86

false. none work