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121 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
euphotic zone
aproximatley the first 200 m of the water column where there is sufficient sunlight for primary photosynthesis
diatoms
silicate shells

dominantly found in polar and temperate zones
dinoflagellates
dominate in subtropical and tropical zones

some are bioluminescent or toxic
coccolithophores
important in the trophics

composed of CaCO3
primary productivity
the amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis per square meter of the ocean surface per year
Gross PP and Net PP
Gross is primary productivity before respiration is taken into account

Net is when it is taken into account
standing crop
the biomass of individuals

g C/m2
what is important about primary productivity
foundation for occeanic food webs
major source of earth's free oxygen
major effect on earth's carbon budget
what are the relative estimates of primary productivity on land vs in the sea
46.2% sea
53/8% land
Compare the average residence time of C in plant biomass on land vs the sea
land = 10 yrs large immobile
sea = 15 days small mobile
which biomes have the fastest rate of primary productivity
aquatic-marine esp coral reefs

rain forests
what limits and controls PP
lights and nutrients

prblm: high nutrients lower in water column, which means less light
biological pump
carbon that is emitted into the atmosphere is absorbed by the ocean, or fixed by phytoplantkon and plants. The phytoplankton eventually die and sink to the bottom
what form of light penetrates the farthest into the water column
blue and green light
compensation depth
where the rate of photosynthesis = rate of respiration
critical depth
where the total photosynth is equal to total respiration

photosynth is larger after that point upward
what nutrients are limiting to phytop
ammonium
nitrateiron
silicon
calcium
phosphorus
what happens when the mixing depth exceeds the critical depth
you get a phytoplankton bloom
compare the richest sea water with the richest soil
richest seawater: 0.00005% N(rich soil: 0.5% N)
which do phytoplantkon respond to more enrichment by N or P?
by N
Does phytop rise constantly with increasing N
no, eventually there is a peak

bell curve
what is the main limiting micronutrient
iron
explain productivity in tropical regions
stable and will increase with upwelling bc nutrient limited
explain producrivity in temperature regions
spring and fall bloom

spring bloom occurs because of upwelling and light overlapping

fall bloom occurs bc of winds kicking up and there sitll being enough light aroiundq
explain polar productivity
occurs when sunlight comes out bc no nutrient limited
what direction does the wind need to blow in to get upwelling in oregon
from the north
where does the most primary productivity occur
on the coastal shelf

large euphotic zone
higher nutrients
what is the paradox of plankton
that numerous species of plantkon can exists without competetive exclusion even though they eat the same resource
what is the hypoth backing up the paradox of plankton
the gradual change hytpoth

each species is a dominant under different seasonal conditions
secondary productivity
rate of change of consumer (heterotroph) biomass from growth and reproduction
what is the global positive relationship for secondary productivity?
phytoplankton being limited by light and nutrients is correlated with zooplankton's limitation by phytoplankton and carnivores above them in the trophic level.
what is the global positive relationship for secondary productivity?
areas where there is high productivity from upwelling leads to higher biomass of zooplankton
what is the local negative relationship for secondary productivity?
phytoplankton and zooplankton population peaks are not directly aligned. Phytoplankton have shorter generation times than zooplankton. Zooplankton take longer to respond to a phytoplankton bloom
why are there more tropic levels in the sea than on land
because there is high ecological efficiency bc of smaller organisms and there is few size constraints on predators
ontogenetic diet shifts
animcals consume different foods as they grow
omnivory
anicamls consume more than one trophic level
what category does mixotrophy fit under?
omnivory
give an ex of a mixotroph
dinoflagellates
explain the microbial loop
it is a cycle where dissolved organic carbon is recycled into the food web.

bacteria and really small plankton eat DOC which are then eaten by protozoans which is then consumed by zooplankton.
approximately what percent of PP is recycled back into the food web from the microbial loop
20%
give 3 examples of why pelagic food webs are more complex than on land
there are ontogenetic diet shifts (as an org grows it changes what it eats in the food chain)

omnivory and mixotrophy

microbial loop
ecological efficiency
biomass stored in a consumer trophic level divided by the energy stored in the consumed trophic level
Of the three cycles listed, which are fast and which are slow: C, N, P
P is slow

C and N are fast
What organisms make up the upper innertidal in the Pac US
periwinkles, snails, algae
what organisms compose the middle innertidal in the Pac US
mussels, barnacles, seaweeds
what organisms make up the lower innertidal in Pac Us
sea weeds and surf grass
What organsism make up the upper, middle, and lower inner tidal of Altantic
Upper - lichens and encrusting algae
Middle, barnacles and rockweeds, mussles
lower- irish moss
extreme low - seaweed
What are the 3 alternative hypotheses for what causes zonation
physical limitations
biotic limitations
settlement patterns
explain the physical limitations hypothesis
lower limit is set by too much immersion in the water (drowning)

upper limit set by too much dessication--> typically what sets the liimitation

wave shock can also determine it as well
explain the biotic limitations hypothesis
competition and predation
use the barancle ex to explain biotic limitiations
little gray and large rock barnacles both have juvenilles that settle in the same place. The little gray has a smaller range due to dessication and competition by the larger barnacles.

the larger barnacles are limited by predation from whelks
what happens to mussels when they are no sea stars present
they take over the inner tidal system
explain the settlement pattern hypothesis
depending on where larvae land will dictate their range
explain how the 3 hypothesis of zonation overlap
physical limitiations typically let the upper limit through dessication and wave shock

lower limit is usually set by biotic limitations of competition and predation

in calm bays, different species will settle in different areas, creating zonation
what structures a community
the number of trophic levels
number of species
distribution and abundance of species
what are the 3 overlapping hypothesis on what structures a community
1) the top down model- consumers have the strongest effect bc they are highly efficient

2) bottom up model- nutrients and primary productivity have a strong effect

3) environmental stress/disturbance can effect the level of strength of top and bottom effects
stress
causes organism to devote energy to cost, but does not result in death
disturbance
causes mortality
keystone species
species that has an effect on the community that is disproportionate to its abundance
explain the top down model
keystone species and dominant predators end up creating space which allows for more individuals to enter the community
explain why the graph of keystone snail population vs algal species density is a bell curve
when density is low, the dominant seaweed outcompetes. When there is intermediate amount of predators, the dominant species is kept in check, allowing for colonization by other species. However, at high snail density then there is not enough food, so they eat any seaweed
explain the relationship between a keystone species that prefers the subordinate species
linearly negative
predation decreases prey diversity hypothesis
prey diversity increases with increasing predation

this is more rare but occurs when the subordinate prey is preferred
intermediate predation hypothesis
follows the snail and algal species ex where an intermediate amount of predation open up space and decreasing competition
explain indirect effects of top down models and how they affect alternate stable states
In New England, crabs which snails that eat a certain type of seaweed keep irish moss outcompeted. However, if a disturbance occurs and wipes out the dominant seaweed, then the crabs are exposed for predation, then the snails keep eating, leading to irish moss being dominant
bottom up model
when nutrients are low, plants are low, which cannot support upper trophic levels.

When nutrients are high then predatores and plants are high with herbivores being grazed
What is an oregon EX of a bottom up model
Boiler bay --> low phyto p causes a algae dominant system

Strawberry hill --> high phytoplankton supports upper trophic levesl included mussels which eat algae
are consumers or predators more susceptible to stress?
consumers because they are more mobile
in a high stress system would consumers or prey be dominant? in a low stress system?
Consumers -- dominant in low stress
high stress- prey
what is the disturbance model
physical disturbances wipe out populations to where competetive exclusion no longer occurs, increasing species diversity
what are conditions to the disturbance model
the model depends on the way the community was structured before the disturbance and how species diversity changes during succession
what is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis
that during low disturbance, there is still high competition

during intermediate disturbance some of the population is wiped out to great a mid-succession stage, opening space for more individuals

high disturbance wipes out all diversity
what is one final factor to consider in community structure
chance settlement events
what are characteristics of kelp forests
temperate h20 that has moderate water motion and clarity

found between 30-60 degrees

kelp-large brown seaweed
characteristics of kelp
apical meristem at bulbs

leaf like stipes with blades

holdfast that is not a root

complex life cycles that involve betwen a sporophyte and a gametophyte
is kelp consumed?
not really, it used to be by stellar sea cows
biogenic habitat
created by life
explain the relationship between kelp and urchins
when there is drifting kelp the urchins stay in their holes

When the kelp popul decreases urchins come out of their holes to search for food and are exposed
explain the alternate stable states of a kelp forest
during an el nino there servere storms, low nutrients, and warm temperatures. This causes a decrease in kelp recruitment. Combined with high grazing by urchins (who came out of their holes), it leads to a low standing crop of kelp

The other state is when nutrients are high and waters are cooler. Kelp are healthy, with high recruitment. Drift kelp is present to keep urchins happy which ultimately leads to a good standing crop
how do sea otters affect kelp forests
they are keystone species, keeping urchins in check
When otters are present what state is favored
the one where kelp is dominant
what is happening with orcas and sea otters
overfishing by humans decreases fish for seals, causing population collapse. Seals are the main food for orcas, but they have switche instead to eating otters
what happens when orcas eat otters
urchins become dominant and eat the kelp
what makes up a coral
they are organisms that have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae. they are polyp organisms that secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton
how do coral grow
asexual budding
when do coral reproduce
1-2 nights a year
what are the methods of reproduction in coral
sexual- with separate sexes of simultaneous hermaphrodites

asexual fragmentation
sexual reproduction involves what
broadcast spawning
are corals autotrophs or heterotrophs
autotrophs at day during the sunlight

heterotrophs at night when there is no sunlight
zooxanthellae
dinoflagellates that supply carbohydrates to coral
what causes high porosity in coral reefs and why is it important?
the high porosity occurs from many different structures occurring in the reef

it allows for sediments to be trapped that contain nutrients
how much of the earth's surface is covered by coral reefs
1 percent
What are conditions for coral to live in
higher or equal to 20 degrees Cel

less than 60 m deep

ocean salinity of 34-35 ppm
what are the 3 times of coral reefs
fringing
atoll
barrier reef
what is the order of reef succession
fringing reef
barrier
atoll
what are barrier reef lagoons important
they are nursey habitats for coral reef invertabrates and fishes
how much mangroves and lagoonal nurseries have been lost
50%
coral reefs are what percent of the world's marine food catch
10%
what is the primary productivity in coral reefs? how does that compare to the surrounding ocean
1500-5000 g C / m2/ yr

compared to 18-50 C/m2/yr
why are coral reefs the highest of marine primary productivity?
efficient nutrient trapping: a lot of planktivores, blue-green algae fix nitrogen, complex reef structue traps detritus and nutrients

efficient nutrient cycling: rapid consumption and recycling of nutrient detritus, complex food web with high predation

two sources of benthic photosynthesis: benthic algae supplement coral and there is a stable abiotic environment with year round light
guilds
organisms grouped by what they eat
what is the estimated amount of species in a coral reef
9 million species
how many coral species
1000
how many fish in coral reefs
10000
how many invertebrate and seaweed species
100,000
how do so many species of coral coexist
because of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Medium, moderately frequent, and medium time after a disturbance has occured is when diversity is at its highest
how do so many species coexist in coral reefs
intermediate predation hypothesis

specialized predation allows for individuals to enter the reef
where to cryptofaunal communities exist in coral reefs
on the undersides of coral plates
what is the competition hypothesis of fishes in coral reefs
a stable environment leads to high larval recruitment, large population sizes, and interspecific competition. This will cause resource partioning which will lead to coexistence
what is the recruitment limitation hypothesis
low larval settlement causes small population sizes, leading to little or no competiton, allowing for coexistence
what is the predation hypothesis of fish that allows for many species to live together
high larval settlement leaves to high predation on new recruits, causing a small population, low predation, and coexistence
How do corals benefit humans
aesthetics and recreation
coastal protection
building materials
jewelry and curios
tropical aquariums
fisheries
new medicines
what biome has the most economic value to humans per unit area
coral reefs
how many species have already been lost on coral reefs
100,000
How many coral reefs have already been lost
19%
how many reefs were lost in the 1998 bleaching event and why
warmest year on record

9% lost
What are threats to coral reefs
siltation
eutrophication
overfishing: tourism trade, destructive methods, live reef fish trade, indirect effects
what are two alternate stable states for reefs
reduced herbivore grazing leads to algal cover, decrease coral recruiment, reduced coral, reduced structural complexity, low fish recruitment, which leads to reduced heribovre grazing

the other is where there is intense grazing that leads to reduced algae cover, more coral recruitment, more coral cover, more structural complexity, more fish recruitment, more grazing
what are the cascading effects of lionfish
overfishing and lionfish predation reduce herbivores which increase algae and thereby reduce coral
how does ocean warming hurt coral
increased storms
bleaching
overgrown by seaweed when bleached and unable to recover
increasing emergent diseases
white pox disease
hurting corals and originates from human gut