Likely To Be A Questions About This On The Npte

Front 1

Where would a fracture of the humorus be most likely to occur? What would be damaged and what with the outcome be?

Back 1

At the surgical neck, damage to the axillary nerve, preventing shoulder abduction from 15° to 90°

Front 2

Know the arm mms, nuns, and arteries

Back 2

See power point

Front 3

Know the Brachial Plexus

Back 3

See power point

Front 4

Graves Disease

Back 4

Think Hyperthyroid

Front 5

Metabolic Syndrome

Back 5

-AKA Syndrome X: Think Pre-diabetes

-A cluster of risk factors that increases the likelihood of developing heart disease, stroke, and type two diabetes

-Criteria for diagnosis in 3 or more of the following:

1. abdominal obesity: waist size 35"+for women or 40"+ for men

2. cholesterol: elevated triglycerides 150+ mg/dL or using cholesterol medicine

3. cholesterol: low HDL-CHOLESTEROL; <40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women or using cholesterol medicine

4. High BP: systolic 135+ mmHg or diastolic 85+ mmHg

5. blood sugar: fasting plasma glucose level 100+ mg/dL

– Etiology: no one cause, a collection of risk factors

– Incidences: up to 1 in 4 adults, more common in older adults, individuals prone to blood clots and inflammation, may run in families

– Treatment: management of risk factors

Front 6

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Back 6

-X – linked recessive, inherited by boys, carried by recessive gene of mother.

-Diagnosis confirmed my clinical examination, EMG, muscle biopsy, DNA analysis, and blood enzyme levels

-District in Jean missing results in increased permeability of sarcolemma and destruction of muscle cells

– Collagen, adipose laid down in muscle leading to pseudohypertrophic calf muscles

-Impairments:

1. Progressive weakness from proximal to distal the beginning at 3 years of age to death in adolescence or early adulthood

2. positive GOWER'S SIGN due to weak quadriceps and gluteal muscles; children must use UEs to "walk up legs" and rise from prone to standing

3. Cardiac tissue also involved.

4. Contractures and deformities developed due to muscle imbalance, especially of heel cords and TFL, as well as lumbar lordosis and kyphoscoliosis

-functional limitations:

1. Developmental milestones may be delayed

2. Ambulation ability will be lost, necessitating eventually use of WC

3. Progressive cardiopulmonary limitations

-examination for muscular dystrophy

1. Muscle strength – MMT, dynamometer

2. Active and passive ROM

3. Functional testing

4. Skeletal alignment – check for lordosis, scoliosis, kyphosis

5. respiratory function, chest excursion during reading or spirometer

6. Assess need for adaptive equipment – Interventions, goals and prognosis

1. Maintain mobility as long as possible by encouraging recreational and functional activities to maintain strength and cardio pulmonary function

2. Maintain joint ROM with active and passive ROM exercises, and positioning devices, such as from standers were standing frames. Gastrocnemius and TFL shorten first. Night splints maybe used

3. Electrical stimulation of muscles for younger children may increase contractile ability

4. educate and support parents and family manner

5. Do not exercise at maximum level – may injure muscle tissue through an overwork injury

6. supervise use of adaptive equipment as needed

7. Disease is progressive, leading to respiratory insufficiency and death and young adult hood

– Medical surgical management

1. Palliative and supportive, treating symptoms as they occur

2. Steroids increased life expectancy by decreasing pulmonary dysfunction. Antibiotics for pulmonary infections

3 orthopedic surgery for scoliosis – spinal instrumentation, muscle lengthening of gastrocnemius

Beckers muscular dystrophy is a slower variant of DMD – emerges in late childhood or adolescence; cease walking around 27 years of age and death at approximately 42 years of age

Front 7

Differential Dx for Claudication

Back 7

Front 8

Cushing's Syndrome

Back 8

Think Hypercortisolism

-metabolic disorder resulting from chronic and excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

-from drug toxicity – over administration of gluco-corticosteroids

-Etiology: most common cause is a pituitary tumor with increased secretion of ACTH

-signs and symptoms:

1. Decreased glucose tolerance

2. Round "moon" face

3. Obesity: rapidly developing fat pad on chest and abdomen; "buffalo hump"

4. Decreased testosterone levels or decreased menstrual periods

5. Muscular atrophy

6. Edema

7. Hypokalemia

8. Emotional changes

-medical interventions: goal is to decrease excess ACTH: radiation or surgical XVision a pituitary tumor or control of medication levels

and monitor weight, electrolyte, and fluid balance

Front 9

Research Pyramid

Back 9

SRC CCC II

http://www.slideshare.net/uqumrc/brief-introduction-to-different-types-of-studies?qid=b994563c-7243-4643-b4ad-11da63f2238e&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1

Front 10

Strength of Evidence

Back 10

Front 11

Respiratory vs Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis Part I

Back 11

Front 12

Respiratory vs Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis Part 2

Back 12

Front 13

Respiratory vs Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis Presentations

Back 13

Front 14

Ideomotor vs Ideational Apraxia

Back 14

Ideomotor: person cannot do a task on command but may do it spontaneously

Ideational: person no longer gets the "idea" of how to do every team task, for example washing hands or brushing teeth

Front 15

SCI ASIA Scores

Back 15

Front 16

Spinal Cord Injury Syndromes

Back 16

Front 17

General spinal cord levels of impairment

Back 17

Front 18

Back 18

Front 19

Referral Patterns

Back 19

Front 20

Calcaneal and forefoot Varus and Valgus down right

Back 20

Forefoot Varus = Calcaneal Valgus when compensated for
Forefoot Valgus = Calcaneal Varus when compensated for

Front 21

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Back 21

MOST COMMON disorder observed in adolescence and is unknown etiology
-Onset in males: 10–17 years of age, average onset 13 years
-Onset in females 8–15 years of age, average onset 11 years
-Males have 2X the incidence of females
-AROM is restricted in ABD, FLEX, and IR
Patient describes pain as VAGUE at the KNEE, THIGH, and HIP
-With chronic conditions, patient may demonstrate TRENDELENBURG gait
-Diagnostic test utilized: PLAIN FILM imaging to a positive
DISPLACEMENT of UPPER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS
-Medications: Acetaminophen for pain and AND cents for pain and inflammation
-Physical therapy goals, outcomes, and interventions:
1-joint/bone protective strategies;
2-maintain/improve joint mechanics in connective tissue functions;
3-implement aerobic capacity – endurance conditioning or reconditioning, such as aquatics programs;
4-postural intervention to regaining functional flexibility, improving strength/endurance/coordination, and gait training

Front 22

Legg-Calve'-Perthes disease

Back 22

Osteochondrosis
– Age of onset between 2 and 13 years; average age 6 years
-Males have 4X greater incidence than females
-Characteristic "psoatic limp" due to weak psoas major: affected LE moves in ADD, FLEX, IR
-gradual onset of aching pain in HIP, THIGH, and KNEE
AROM limited in ABD and EXT
– Diagnostic tests utilized: MRI is imaging technique; + "Bony Crescent Sign" – collapse of the subchondral bone at femoral neck/head
– Medications: acetaminophen for pain, NSAIDs for pain and inflammation
– Physical therapy goals, outcomes, and interventions:
1-joint/bone protective strategies;
2-maintain/improve joint mechanics in connective tissue functions;
3-implement aerobic capacity – endurance conditioning or reconditioning, such as aquatics programs;
4-postural intervention to regaining functional flexibility, improving strength/endurance/coordination, and gait training

Front 23

Differences between Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis, Legg-Calve'-Perthes disease, and Avascular Necrosis

Back 23

Differences:
1. AGE:
--Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: OLDER (adolescence) 10-17 years/8-15 years
--Legg-Calve'-Perthes disease: YOUNGER (toddler to adolescence) 2-13 years
2. AROM Restrictions:
--Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: abd, FLEX, IR
--AVN: same as SCFE
--Legg-Calve'-Perthes disease: abd, EXT
3. IMAGING:
--Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis- plain film imaging = + displacement of upper femoral epiphysis
--Legg-Calve'-Perthes disease: MRI = + Bony Crescent sign
--AVN: plain film imaging, bone scans, CT, or MRI
4. GAIT:
--Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: Trendelenburg
--Legg-Calve'-Perthes disease: Psoatic (ER, FLEX, ADD)
-AVN: Coxalgic gait (short step length and decreased timeon involved LE)

Front 24

AVASCULAR NECROSIS

Back 24

Osteonecrosis
-Multiple etiologies resulting in an impaired blood supply to the femoral head
-Hip ROM is decreased FLEX, ABD, IR (same as SCFE)
-Dignostic test utilized: plain film imaging, bone scans, CT, or MRI
– Symptoms include pain in the GROIN and and/or thigh and TTP at HIP JOINT
-Coxalgic gait
– Medications: medicine for pain, NSAIDs for pain and inflammation
CONTRAINDICATION – corticosteroids as they may be a causative factor patients taking steroids for other condition should have does decreased
– Physical therapy goals, outcomes, and interventions:
1-joint/bone protective strategies;
2-maintain/improve joint mechanics in connective tissue functions;
3-implement aerobic capacity – endurance conditioning or reconditioning, such as aquatics programs;
4-postural intervention to regaining functional flexibility, improving strength/endurance/coordination, and gait training

Front 25

FEMORAL ANTEVERSION

Back 25

Excessive femoral anteversion, 25° to 30° or greater, leads to squinting patella and toeing in
-with an angle less than 0°, retroversion, the moral neck is rotated backward in relation to the for moral condyle's
– Diagnostic tests utilized: plain film imaging
-Clinical examination includes Craigs test to help identify this condition
-Physical therapy goals, and outcomes, and -Interventions: maintain/improve joint mechanics and connective tissue functions

Front 26

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Back 26

AKA Brittle Bone Disease

Inherited disorder transmitted by AutoZone will dominant gene

– Characterized by abnormal collagen synthesis, leading to an imbalance between bone deposition and reabsorption

-Cortical and cancellous bones become very thin, leading to fractures and deformity of weight-bearing bones

-Medication: calcium, vitamin D, estrogen, calcitonin, and biphosphonate

-Diagnostic tests utilized: bone scan and plain films will show old fractures and deformities. Serological testing is also indicated

– Clinical examination assists in confirming diagnosis

-therapy goals, outcomes, and interventions:

1. Joint/bone protection strategies

2. Maintain/improve joint mechanics and connective tissue functions

3. Implementation of aerobic/endurance conditioning or reconditioning, such as aquatic programs

Front 27

Forefoot and Rearfoot/Calcaneal Varus and Valgus

Back 27

Forefoot Varus = Calcaneal Valgus

Forefoot Valgus = Calcaneal Varus

Front 28

UMN

Back 28

Front 29

LMN

Back 29

Front 30

Traumatic Nerve injury Levels

Back 30

CLASS 1- NEUROPRAXIA: injury to nerve that causes a transient loss of function (conduction block); nerve dysfunction may be rapidly reversed or persist for a few weeks; e.g. Compression

CLASS 2- AXONOTMESIS: injury to nerve interrupting the axon and causing loss of function and wallerian degeneration distal to the lesion; with no distraction of the endometrium, regeneration is possible; e.g. crush injury

CLASS 3 - NEROTMESIS: cutting of the nerd with severance of all structures and complete loss of function; reinnervation typically fails without surgical intervention because of aberrant regeneration (failure of regenerating axon to find its terminal end)

Front 31

Q - Angle

Back 31

Measurement of angle between the QUADRICEPS muscle and the PATELLAR TENDON

– Normal is 13° for men and 18° for women

-Angles < or > normal may be indicative of knee dysfunction and/or biomechanical dysfunction in the lower limb

Front 32

DTR scores

Back 32

Front 33

MMT grades

Back 33

Front 34

Semi-Fowler Position

Back 34

Front 35

Myositis

Back 35

Front 36

Stages of ALZ

Back 36

Front 37

Rancho's Los Amigo's Cognitive Scale

(TBI)

Back 37

1: No Response

8: Purposeful Appropriate Response

Front 38

Various degree burns and patient presentation signs and symptoms

Back 38

Front 39

Know these terms:

Back 39

Somatoagnosia: A lack of awareness of the relationship of one's own body parts for the body parts of others

Spatial Relational Disorders:

Propagnosia: "face blindness" or inability to recognize faces

Anosognosia: lack of awareness or insight - medical term for not seeing what ails you

Front 40

Hoe SCI lesions affect function

Back 40

Front 41

Optimal scoliosis screening age range by gender

Back 41

The statement recommends that scoliosis screening programs screen girls twice (at ages 10 and 12 or grades 5 and 7) and boys once (at age 13 or 14 or grade 8 or 9).

Front 42

When current using electrical stimulation is uncomfortable, what can be done to make the current more tolerable to the patient?

Back 42

Adjust the pulse duration

Front 43

Maitland Mobilizations

Back 43

Front 44

Adson's Test to test for TOS

Back 44

1. Patient sitting

2. Find radial pulse of extremity being tested

3. Rotate head toward extremity being tested and then extend and externally rotate the shoulder while extending the head

– Neurological and or vascular symptoms (disappearance of pulse) will be reported in upper extremity

Front 45

Hyper-abduction (Wright) Test

Back 45

Identifies pathology of structures that passed through thoracic inlet

1. Patient sitting

2. Find radial pulse of extremity being tested

3. Move shoulder into maximal abduction and external rotation

4. Taking a deep breath and rotating head opposite to side being tested may extenuate symptoms

-Neurological and vascular symptoms (disappearance of pulse) will be reproduced in upper extremity

Front 46

Costoclavicular syndorme test (military brace test)

Back 46

Identifies pathologies of structures that pass through the thoracic inlet

1. Patient in sitting

2. Find radial pulse of the extremity being tested

3. Move involved shoulder down and back

-Neurological and or vascular symptoms (disappearance of pulse) will be reproduced in upper extremity

Front 47

Phalen's Test

Back 47

Identifies carpal tunnel compression of the median nerve

Patient manually flexes both wrists holding them against each other for 1 minute

Reproduces tingling and or paraesthesia into hand following median nerve distribution

Front 48

Tinel's Test

Back 48

Identifies carpal tunnel compression of median nerve

Tap region where medial nerve passes for carpal tunnel

Reproduces tingling and or paresthesia into hand following median distribution

Front 49

Ulnar Nerve tension test

Back 49

Front 50

Bruit:

Back 50

A bruit is an audible vascular sound associated with turbulent blood flow. Although usually heard with the stethoscope, such sounds may occasionally also be palpated as a thrill.

Front 51

Dependent vs Independent Variable

Back 51

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. For example, someone's age might be an independent variable. Other factors (such as what they eat, how much they go to school, how much television they watch) aren't going to change a person's age. In fact, when you are looking for some kind of relationship between variables you are trying to see if the independent variable causes some kind of change in the other variables, or dependent variables.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE:

Just like an independent variable, a dependent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is something that depends on other factors. For example, a test score could be a dependent variable because it could change depending on several factors such as how much you studied, how much sleep you got the night before you took the test, or even how hungry you were when you took it. Usually when you are looking for a relationship between two things you are trying to find out what makes the dependent variable change the way it does.

Many people have trouble remembering which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable. An easy way to remember is to insert the names of the two variables you are using in this sentence in they way that makes the most sense. Then you can figure out which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable:

"(Independent variable) causes a change in (Dependent Variable) and it isn't possible that (Dependent Variable) could cause a change in (Independent Variable)."

Front 52

Uhthoff's Sign

Back 52

Uhthoff's Sign is the worsening of neurologic symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological, demyelinating conditions when the body gets overheated from hot weather, exercise, fever, or saunas and hot tubs.

Front 53

Oppenheim's Test

Back 53

A clinical test used to identify upper motor neuron disease.

Technique:Run the metal edge of a neurology hammer or fingernail along the tibial crest.

Positive test: Great toe extension with flexion and splaying of the lateral four toes.

-suggests pyramidal tract disease

-like Babinski

Front 54

Vertebral Artery Test

Back 54

-Checks the integrity of the blood flow through the artery in the cervical region.

-Consists of passively placing the pt's head in extension and is flexion in a supine position. Then the head and neck are slowly rotated to the laterally flexed side and geld for 30 sec.

-Some (+) signs: syncope, lightheadedness, nystagmus or visual dsturbances.

Front 55

Validity in research

Back 55

validity of an assessment is the degree to which it measures what it is supposed to measure. This is not the same as reliability, which is the extent to which a measurement gives results that are consistent.

-systematic sampling can threaten validity and random selection of subjects can improve the validity.

Front 56

Unhappy triad

Back 56

MCL, ACL, and media meniscus

Resulting from a combination of valgum, flexion, and ER forces applied to me when the foot is planted

Front 57

Righting Strategies

Back 57