Lesson 4: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Lymphatic, And Endocrine Systems

Front 1

Three elements of the cardiovascular system

Back 1

Heart, blood vessels, blood

Front 2

General cycle of blood

Back 2

Start off in the heart, goes through arteries, then capillaries, veins, then back to Heart

Front 3

Purpose of blood plasma

Back 3

acts as a transportation of nutrients and oxygen to the body's tissue while also removing waste.

Responsible for carrying the following:

-Hormones

-Plasma proteins.

-Ions such as chloride, bicarbonate, and sodium

-gases.

-Food materials such as carbs, amino acids, lipids

Front 4

What does the non plasma part of the blood brain?

Back 4

-Red blood cells.-Various white blood cells.

-Platelets

Front 5

Methods of blood Transportation throughout the body

Back 5

Arteries and arterioles.

Veins and venules.

Capillaries

Front 6

Arteries

Back 6

When blood is pumped out of the heart, goes to the body through this. As it goes throughout the body becomes arterioles.

Front 7

Arterioles

Back 7

Smaller version of an artery that assist in carrying blood away from the heart

Front 8

Arteriosclerosis

Back 8

Condition in which the arteries become narrowed or hardened. Makes blood flow complicated and increases blood pressure. Is a common issue with older people

Front 9

Capillaries

Back 9

Arterial is eventually become this. Have thin walls that allow for nutrient, gas, and waste Exchange

Front 10

Venules

Back 10

After blood exchanges nutrients, gas, and waste exhange through capillaries, blood goes through here as it Journeys back to the heart. Eventually become bigger and become veins.

Front 11

Superior vena cava

Back 11

Vein that empties out the returning blood straight to the heart empties out the returning blood straight to the heart

Front 12

Pulmonary circulation

Back 12

Transfers returning blood to the right side of the heart to the lungs to get oxygenated and then over to the left side of the heart.

Front 13

Systemic circulation

Back 13

Two Chambers in the left side of the heart responsible for pumping blood out of the heart through the body

Front 14

Right atrium of the heart

Back 14

Receives deoxygenated blood from the veins

Front 15

Left atrium of the heart

Back 15

Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein

Front 16

Left ventricle of the heart

Back 16

Collects blood from the left atrium and pumps it out into the body

Front 17

Right ventricle of the heart

Back 17

Collects blood from the right atrium and pumps blood to lungs to get oxygenated

Front 18

Valves of the heart that prevent backflow

Back 18

Pulmonary semilunar valve located on the right ventricle.

Aortic semilunar valve located on the left ventricle

Front 19

Interventricular septum

Back 19

Muscle in the heart that separates the left and right Chambers and prevents blood from mixing

Front 20

Pulmonary circuit

Back 20

the process where blood that is depleted of oxygen goes into the heart,through into the lungs where carbon dioxide is released in exchange for oxygen

Front 21

Systemic circuit

Back 21

The process in which newly oxygenated blood comes from the heart through various tissues of the body

Front 22

Cardiac cycle

Back 22

The period of time from one heartpump to the next

Front 23

Systole

Back 23

The contraction phase when blood leaves ventricles of the heart

Front 24

Diastole

Back 24

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle during which blood fills the ventricles

Front 25

Components of the respiratory system

Back 25

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, lary

- to the lungs

Through this pathway is transported and filtered through the lungs where gases exchanged within microscopic air sacs called alveoli

Front 26

Process of air flow with the respiratory system

Back 26

➡️ air first goes to the nostrils and mouth

➡️ Larynx

➡️trachea or windpipe

➡️ extends to 5th and 6th thoracic vertebrae

➡️ divides into secondary bronchi, one for each lobe of the lung

➡️ branches into tertiary bronchi

➡️ Branches into tiny bronchiolitis

➡️ Branches into Terminal bronchiole

➡️ Branches into respiratory bronchioles the end-up clustering into alveoli

Front 27

Alveoli

Back 27

Microscopic air sacs within the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Front 28

Rib cage

Back 28

Encases the lungs.

Also holds the primary, secondary, tertiary, bronchi, as well as the varioles, bronchioles, and alveoli.

Front 29

Mediastinum

Back 29

The space that separates the lungs, also contains other organs such as the heart, aorta, esophagus, and trachea

Front 30

Diaphragm

Back 30

And the rest on here, pivotal for the ability to inhale. When the diaphragm contracts forces abdominal contents down will the muscles between the ribs lift outward. Allows for more air to come through.

Front 31

Accesory Muscles used to help with inspiration

Back 31

Pectoralis minor, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid.

Front 32

Expiration

Back 32

Exhaling of air.

Happens passively during normal, quiet breathing, requiring no assistance from muscle action. Enter During exercise, becomes more active

Enter During exercise, becomes more active

Front 33

Muscles that help with Expiration

Back 33

Rectus abdominis, internal obliques, serratus posterior, internal intercostals.

A to squeeze out organs upward toward diaphragm during expiration

Front 34

Lymphatic system

Back 34

Consists of network of capillaries, collecting vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs.

Serves to return excess lymph fluid from between the South back into the blood.

Front 35

Functions of the lymphatic system

Back 35

-Destroys bacteria and other foreign things in lymph nodes.-Response to Aid in manufacturing antibodies in order to destroy the bacteria.-Returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.-Prevents excessive accumulation of tissue fluid and filter teens by draining into lymphatic capillaries and connective tissues

Front 36

Cardiorespiratory endurance

Back 36

Capacity of the heart to deliver blood and oxygen to working muscles during exercise.

Influenced by cardiovascular and respiratory systems

Front 37

Things that must occur in order for adequate blood and nutrients to go to tissues

Back 37

.

1.Pulmonary ventilation

2. .Cardiac output

3. .The ability to extract oxygen from the blood and completes the metabolic production of ATP

Front 38

Oxygen carrying capacity

Back 38

The ability of the blood to carry oxygen to tissues.

Determined by the ability to ventilate the alveoli and the amount of hemoglobin available in the blood

blood

Front 39

Tidal volume

Back 39

Measures the rate and depth of breathing. Helps to define how much is carried to the blood

Front 40

Hemoglobin

Back 40

Protein in red blood blood cells.Binds with oxygen and then is carried to the bloodstream

.Binds with oxygen and then is carried to the bloodstream

- low hemoglobin = not able to bring oxygen to bloodstream. Ex. Anemic ppl have low hemoglobim.

- in one mother hemoglobin doesn't bind very well

.

Front 41

Measures of cardiovascular endurance

Back 41

Capacity of the heart to deliver blood and oxygen to muscles during exercise.

Front 42

Cardiac output equation

Back 42

heart rate in beats per minute x stroke volume or the quantity of blood pumped per heartbeat

Heart rate rises in a linear fashion, while stroke volume increases to about 40 to 50% and then plateaus

Front 43

Ejection fraction

Back 43

-The percentage of end-diastolic volume that is a ejected with each contraction of the heart.

-Influenced by heart rate and stroke volume which increases with increase in heart rate.

-

Front 44

Oxygen extraction

Back 44

-how much oxygen extracted from blood

-Factor in determining cardiorespiratory endurance.

- increased training increases the number and size of mitochondria which is needed to produce ATP.

Front 45

Hormones

Back 45

Chemical substances by their storage arrived or synthesized from amino acids

Front 46

Endocrine system

Back 46

Regulates body activities through hormones

Front 47

Pituitary gland

Back 47

Master gland

Divided into posterior lobes and interior lobes.

Located beneath the brain

Front 48

Posterior lobe

Back 48

Part of the pituitary gland releases two hormones vasopressin and oxytocin

Front 49

Vasopressin

Back 49

Aka ADH. Hormone released by the posterior pituitary lobe. Considered a antidiuretic inhibiting urine production and aides in the retention of bodily fluid

Preserves plasma volume and osmolality

Front 50

Oxytocin

Back 50

Stimulates smooth muscles oforgans and intestines

Front 51

Hormones released in the interior portion of the pituitary gland

Back 51

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH)

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) growth hormone (Gh)

and prolactin.

Front 52

Gonadotropins

Back 52

Follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones. controls the secretion of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries and the production of testosterone in the testicles

Front 53

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Back 53

Hormone released by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, Lewis's thyroxine from the thyroid which helps the rate in whichcells utilize oxygen

Front 54

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

Back 54

Hormone released by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, controls the secretion in the adrenal gland hormones that influence metabolism of carbohydrates, sodium, potassium. Also controls how these substances are changed between the blood and tissues

Front 55

Growth hormone

Back 55

Hormone produced by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, helps growth of the skeletal muscle as well as general growt. promotes amino acids to incorporate protein and release fatty acids into the bloodstream for energy.

Front 56

Prolactin

Back 56

Hormone produced by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, maintains and initiates breast milk production and secretion in females

Front 57

Thyroid glands

Back 57

Glands of the endocrine system, located in the anterior portion of the trachea. It releases three hormones throxin, triiodothrytonine, and calcitonin

Front 58

Iodine hormones produced by the thyroid gland

Back 58

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Regulates the metabolism of carbs, proteins, lipids. Increases body's oxygen consumption and heat production

Front 59

Calcitonin

Back 59

Produced by the thyroid gland, it's a hormone that lowers calcium and phosphate levels bye making it faster for the bones to absorb calcium.

Front 60

Parathyroid glands

Back 60

Part of the endocrine system. Releases the hormone parathyroid which controls calcium levels and phosphorus levels do the kidney and the skeleton. Also increases... which helps to break down bone calcium for release into the blood and works with vitamin D to maintain calcium levels

Front 61

Adrenal glands

Back 61

Endocrine glands located at the kidney period has two pyramid shaped organs. each gland contains a medulla and a cortex. Part of fight or flight of sympathetic nervous system

Front 62

Adrenal medulla

Back 62

Releases fight or flight hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 63

Epinephrine

Back 63

Hormone released by The Adrenal medulla period a flight or fight hormone. elevates blood levels, dilates blood vessels that feed the heart lungs and skeletal muscles.

Front 64

Norepinephrine

Back 64

Flight or fight hormone released by The Adrenal medulla. Increases heart rate and muscle contraction constricts blood vessels

Front 65

Adrenal cortex

Back 65

Manages stress through production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids associated with alderstone and cortisol

Front 66

Pancreas

Back 66

while producing digestive enzymes, it also is an endocrine gland that produces hormones that regulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Secretes insulin and glycogen to maintain blood glucose levels

Front 67

Insulin

Back 67

Secreted by the pancreas, takes in glycogen and uses it

- assists with lipid and protein

Front 68

Glucagon

Back 68

Hormones secreted by the pancreas, it decreases glucose and releases it to.

Front 69

Gonads

Back 69

Promotes sex specific characteristics and regulate reproductive function.

Front 70

Aldersterone

Back 70

One of the hormones released by Adrenal cortex.

- limits sodium excretion

- maintains electrolyte balance

Front 71

Cortisol

Back 71

Hormone released by Adrenal cortex.

- glucocorticoid, maintains blood glucose levels by printing protein and triglycerides breakdown

- stress hormone elevated during exercise