Lesson 2B: The Different Social Sciences

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Anthropology

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It is the holistic science of man, a science of the totality of human existence.

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antropos

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Anthropology came from the Greek word "_______" which means human and logos (study)

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anthropology

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To distinguish ________ from the other social sciences, it should be defined to be the "study of the relationship between biological traits and socially acquired characteristics" (Hunt, 2002)

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Physical Anthropology

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sometimes called Biological Anthropology mainly concerns about how human emerged and evolved through time.

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Cultural Anthropology

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basically concerns the difference of cultures from time to time

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Branches

A. Archaeology

B. Anthropological Linguistics

C. Ethnology

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Branches of Cultural Anthropology

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Archeology

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Studies past cultures through tangible remains

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Anthropological Linguistics

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The anthropological study of language, explains the difference of languages by culture of the humans in the prehistoric time.

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Ethnology

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It is the study of recent or present cultures.

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Economics

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The study of the efficient allocation of scarce resources in order to satisfy unlimited human needs and wants.

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oikos and nomos

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Economics is derived from the Greek words ___(house) and ___(laws) which literally mean "rules of the house"

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Microeconomics

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- Study of the choices made by economic actors such as the households, companies, and individual markets.

- Studies the choices of individuals as consumers and as workers

- Studies the firms that produce the goods and services and the industries from which the firms operate.

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Macroeconomics

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- Examines the behavior of entire economies

-Tackles the aggregates or total values that describe the whole economy.

- One very significant aggregate is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures the total output or the market value of goods and services a country produces in a year.

-Other macroeconomic indicators are employment, economic growth, interest rates, and inflation.

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1. Land

2. Labor

3. Capital

4. Entrepreneurship

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Factors of Production

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Land

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anything that comes from nature and gives life and support

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Labor

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any human effort exerted during the production process

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Capital

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anything that can be used to create or manufacture

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Entrepreneurship

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the ability to organize all the other factors of production to carry out effectively the production process.

-involves the ability to organize, take risks, introduce a new product, generally create something of value.

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1. demand curve shifts to the right

2. demand curve shifts to the left

3. supply curve shifts to the right

4. supply curve shifts to the left

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Principles of Law of Economics

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Geography

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- means the description of earth.

- came from the Greek word geo (earth) and grapien (write)

-defined as "the study of spatial variations of how and why things differ from place to place on the surface of the earth" (Getis, 2004)

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Geography

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- means the description of earth.

- came from the Greek word geo (earth) and grapien (write)

-defined as "the study of spatial variations of how and why things differ from place to place on the surface of the earth" (Getis, 2004)

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1. All places on earth have a specific location, direction and distance with respect to other.

2. All places on earth have a specific size. They vary if it is large or small. It also concerns the scale.

3. All places on earth have both physical structure (refers to earth's natural aspects like soil, climate, water, minerals, and terrain features) and cultural (visible human imprint of human activity.

4. All places on earth have attributes that change and develop over time.

5. All places on earth interrelate with other places.

6. All places on earth can be generalized into regions of similarities and differences.

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All Geographers believe that:

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Greeks

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First geographers on Earth

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Eratosthenes

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The Greek scientist who was the first to coin the term Geography.

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1. Asia

2. Africa

3. North America

4. South America

5. Europe

6. Antarctica

7. Australia and Oceania

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Seven Continents of the World

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1. Pacific Ocean

2. Atlantic Ocean

3. Indian Ocean

4. Arctic Ocean

5. Southern Ocean

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Oceans of the World

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Asia

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- the largest and most populous continent, located primarily the eastern and northern hemispheres

- the continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population

- was site to many of the ancient civilizations

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Africa

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It is widely accepted as the place of origin of humans and the hominids and their ancestors. It is also called the "black continent"

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North America

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- A continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost within the Western Hemisphere

- European influences is stronger in the north part of the continent

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South America

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- The reference to it instead of other region (e.g. Latin America) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics.

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Europe

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- It is also known as the "Old World" because of its early recorded histories, from the classical Greeks and Romans, Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Age of Discovery

- second smallest of the world's continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the world's total land area.

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Antarctica

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- is Earth's southernmost continent.

- it contains the geographic South pole.

- the driest continent of the seven continents

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Antarctic Treaty

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The _____ which came into force in 1961 is now signed by 53 countries. The treaty regulates the international relations between all countries to support scientific operations on the ice.

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"The area is to be used for peaceful purposes only"

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Article 1 of the Antarctic Treaty states that

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Australia and Oceania

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- the smallest continent in the world

- Australia pertains to the biggest island (Australia and New Zealand). Meanwhile,Oceania is a region centered on the islands of the Pacific Oceans

- Australia is often named as continent, but this means that the many islands and countries except Australia would then be not included.

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history

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• It is a social science in the sense that it is a systematic attempt to learn about and verify past events and to relate them to one another and to the present.• The contribution of history is perspective which is no small matter.

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history

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⚫ the study of the past and its records about events.⚫ derived from the Greek word historia which means to inquire knowledge through investigation. (Hunt, 2002).⚫ the study of the past - specifically the people, societies, events and problems of the past - as well as our attempts to understand them. It is a pursuit common to all human societies.

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Pacific Ocean -

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separates Asia and Oceania from the Americas.

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2. Atlantic Ocean -

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separates the Americas from Europe andAfrica

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3. Indian Ocean -

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washes upon southern Asia and separatesAfrica and Australia.

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4. Arctic Ocean -

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sometimes considered a sea or estuary of the Atlantic.5

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. Southern Ocean -

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sometimes considered an extension of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, which encircles Antartica

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Politics

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is defined as thestudy of power. •

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Power

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is defined to be as asource of influence.

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• Politics

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is defined as "the study of social arrangements to maintain peace and order within the given society." (Hunt, 2002).

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Aristotle

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(founder of PoliticalScience), political scienceis the "master science".Everything happening inthe society is based onpolitics.

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•Language

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is the principals means used by human beings to communicate with one another through means of symbols and verbal medium.

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Linguistics

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It is basically the study of language.

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Herodotus

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He is the father of History. • The first historian known to collect his materials systematically and critically, and then to historiographic narrative in his book Histories.

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Sociology

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is the study of relationships among people.It is the study of the society and the behavior of people in the society.

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Rationalism

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states that knowledge comes only through reasoning

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Socio-cultural -

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the study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behavior.

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Cognitive -

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the study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments.

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Behaviorism -

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based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself.

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Psychodynamics -

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focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories and our early childhood experience in determining behavior. 4. Behaviorism - based on

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Functionalism -

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attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess.

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Structuralism

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- uses method of introspection to identify the basic elements or "structures" of psychological experience.

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PSYCHOLOGY

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Is the study of behavior and mentalprocess• The term comes from the Greekwords psyche (soul) and logos(study) hence the "study of the soul." According to William James, "it is defined as science of mental life, the science of feelings, desires, cognition, reasoning, decisions and the like."

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Demography

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basically the study of humanpopulationmain concern is about the size andcharacteristics of the population. ⚫ also focuses on factors on how population somewhat increases anddecreases like birth control, distribution of resources, characteristics of social groups, age, marital status and mortality rate

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Structural functionalist theory-

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stresses that parts of the society or the system is very important because if not it will bedysfunctional.

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2. Conflict theory -

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is the opposite of structural functionalistperspective because in this perspective, society is composedby groups competing with each other

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2. Conflict theory -

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is the opposite of structural functionalistperspective because in this perspective, society is composedby groups competing with each other

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. 3. Symbolic interactionism -

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compared with the two, it only had smaller scale analysis, this concerns the individual interpretation rather than a group or system

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Auguste Comte

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The word was first coined by ______ (the Father of Sociology) which derived from Greek words socius (being with other people) and logos (study) hence the definition "the study of the society."