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240 Cards in this Set
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Three stages of postmortem muscular changes |
Primary flacccidity (irritability) Post mortem rigidity Secondary flacidity |
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Postmortem muscular changes in primary flaccidity |
Muscles are relaxed, capable of contracting when stimulated Pupils are dilated Sphincters are relaxed |
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Rigor mortis time of peak |
12 hrs |
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Stage of secondary flaccidity features |
Flaccid muscles that no longer responds to stimuli Start of decay |
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How many hours postmortem is stage of secondary flaccidity expected |
After 36 hours post mortem |
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Conditions stimulating rigor mortis |
Heat more than 75C Cold - freezing Cadaveric spasm/ instantaneous rigor - exhaustion/injury to nervous system or to the chest |
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Kinds of postmortem lividity |
Hypostatic lividity Diffusion lividity |
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Changes in the blood postmortem |
Coagulation of blood Postmortem lividity/postmortem sugillation/postmortem hypostasis |
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First organ to putrify postmortem |
Brain |
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Findings that differentiate drowning and postmortem throwing into body of water |
Water in middle ear Water in stomach Cadaveric spasm of the limbs |
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Hypostatic lividity |
Liquid blood settles to most dependent parts of body |
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Diffusion lividity |
Coagulated blood inside blood vessels or already diffused into tissue |
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Finding pathognomonic of suicide |
Cadaveric spasm of limb used for suicide |
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Time hypostatic lividity completes |
6-8 hrs |
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How many hours it takes to find maggots in dead bodies |
24 hours |
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Presumption of death under the rules of court may be done after exceeding efforts of how many years |
7 years |
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Presumption of death for purposes of succession is done after how long person is last found |
10 years |
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For persons in vehicles that got lost, in danger of death, when can presumed death be declared without recovery of body |
4 years |
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Post mortem examination stages |
Preliminary External Internal |
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Preliminary examination of dead body |
Surroundings, clothes, identity |
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Where to start autopsies |
Head |
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External examination of dead bodies |
Position, approximation of time of death |
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Internal examination of dead body |
Examination of orifices and foreign bodies |
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Infanticide definition |
Killing of an infant <3 yo |
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Degrees of suicide |
Primary: planned, deliberate, premeditates Second: unplanned and provoked Third degree: Accidental suicide by putting self in high risk situations |
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Killing a close relative (father, mother, child, spouse) |
Parricide |
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Intent that qualifies murder |
Trachery, taking advantage of superior strength In consideration of price, reward or promise With fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck, derailment On occasion of calamities With evident premeditation With cruelty |
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Death in tumoultous affray |
Person was killed in a confused or tumoultous affray Actual killer is unknown Person who inflicted serious injuries are known |
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Guilty spouse in a valid marriage was killed by husband while having sex with someone else or just right after |
Death under exceptional circumstance: surprise by spouse |
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Death under exceptional circumstance: Surprise of daughter requirements |
Daughter is below 18 years of age Daughter is living with parents Parents caught her by surprise commiting sexual intercourse with seducer Killing was done during or immediately after sexual act |
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Penalty for death or physical injuries under exceptional circumstances |
Destierro |
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Types of passive euthanasia |
Orthonasia Dysthansia |
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Patient is allowed to die without treatment |
Orthonasia |
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There is an attempt to extend life span with extraordinary treatment |
Dysthanasia |
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Death from starvation is greater after losing how much body weight |
40% of previous body weight |
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Death without food and water takes how many days |
10 days |
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Death without food but with water occurs after how long |
50-60 days |
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Factors that influence length of survival |
Age Condition of the body Sex Environment |
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Who may sign death certificate |
Attending physician Municipal health officer, if no physician Municipal mayor, if no health officer or physician Municipal secretary, if mayor not available |
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When should dead body be buried |
48 hrs postmortem 12 hrs postmortem if communicable disease |
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Exhumation can be done when |
3 yrs 5 yrs, if death is due to communicable disease If for crime investigation, anytime |
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Instances when cremation cannot be granted |
Will of dead person Identity of corpse is unknown Cause of death is unknown |
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Penetrative wounds definition |
Wounding agent enters body, piercing solid organs |
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Perforating wounds definition |
Wound agent enters body and pierces hollow organs |
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Three types of physical injuries |
Serious Less serious Slight |
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Less serious physical injury treatment required |
10-30 days |
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Serious physical injury duration of treatment required |
> 30 days |
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Slight physical injury treatment duration required |
< 10 days |
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Mayhem |
Unlawful and violent deprival of another of the use of a part of the body to render him less able in fighting |
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Green contusion time |
4-5 days |
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Yellow contusion |
7-10 days |
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Hematoma is usually found in which parts of the body |
Bony areas |
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Hair bulbs are cut: incised wound or lacerated wound |
Incised wound |
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Above larynx cut throat: suicide or homicide |
Suicide |
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Homicide: above larynx or below cut throat |
Below |
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Suicide: diagonal or horizontal throat cuts |
Diagonal |
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Remote injuries |
Force applied on areas not related to the head |
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Locus minoris resistencia |
Injury is at opposite site of application of force or area of least resistance |
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Most common cause of cerebral compression |
Subdural hemorrhage |
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Common rupture site of heart |
??? |
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Tatooing/stippling/peppering from gunshot wound is from what distance |
Up to 24 inches |
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Flame from gun shot distance of shooting |
Up to 6 inches <3 in pistols |
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Smudging/smoke/blackening is found at what distance of shooting |
Up to 12 inches |
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Souvenir bullet |
Bullet has been lodged and remained in the body |
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Tandem bullet |
2 or more bullets leaving the barrel one after another Mechanical error of forearm |
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Electrical burn with crocodile skin apperance |
Flash burn |
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Spark burn appearance |
Parchment skin apperance |
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Types of asphyxia by strangulation |
Garroting Muggling Compression of neck with stick Burking Manual strangulation/throtting
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Types of asphyxia by suffocation |
Smothering Choking |
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Injury to the hyoid bone: hanging or strangulation |
Hanging |
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Tete de negri |
Bronze discoloration of the head and neck of a person who died in water |
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Gettler's test result conclusive of drowning |
Chloride concentration in left side of heart |
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Turn tutle impact crashes |
Roll over crash |
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Whiplash injury is acquired from which impact |
Rear impact |
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Flexes elbow position seen in burned bodies |
Puginistic/ boxer's position |
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Spectacle hematoma results from what fracture |
Orbital floor fracture |
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Worst type of child abuser |
Ignorant abuser |
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Fodere's test/hydrostatic test |
Entire lungs are removed, put in water to see whether it floats or not. If floats, born alive |
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Breslau's test |
Stomach and intestine are placed in water to see if organs float. Floats if baby born alive |
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Wredin's test |
Gelatinous embryonic connective tissue in the middle ear is observed. If there is, baby was born dead |
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Legitimate children |
Born in a marriage or within 300 days after dissolution of marriage |
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Legal medicine |
Branch of medicine which deals with the application of medical knowledge to the purpose of law and administration |
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Forensic medicine |
The use of medical science to elucidate legal problems |
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Medical jurisprudence |
Branch of law which deals with the organization and regulation of the medical profession, the practice of medicine, rights, duties and obligations of physician with reference to physician-patient relationship |
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Medical Jurist |
Physician who specializes in the science of legal medicine |
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A rule of conduct, just, obligatory, laud by legitimate power for common observance and benefit |
Law |
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Jurisprudence |
A practical science which investigates the origin, development and function of law |
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Principle of stare decisis |
A principle that when court has once laid down principle of law as applied to a certain state of facts, it will adhere to principle, and apply it to all future cases where the facts are substantially the same |
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Evidence |
Means sanctioned by law, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a mater of fact |
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Medical evidence |
The means sanctioned by law of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact wherein scientific medical knowledge is necessary |
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Real or autoptic evidence |
Form of evidence made known or addressed to the senses of the court (eg pictures, video, audio) |
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Testimonial evidence |
That which comes to the tribunal through witnesses under oath in the presence of the tribunal |
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Experimental evidence |
Experiments which may be required of medical witnesses to perform prove a certain matter of fact |
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Documentary evidence |
Any written evidence presente dby a physician which is relevant |
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Imhotep |
Earliest recorded medico-legal expert (2980 B.C.) |
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Code of Hammurabi |
Oldest code of law |
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First police surgeon |
Antistius |
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Father of forensic medicine |
Paulus Zacchias |
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Father of modern toxicology |
Orfila |
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First medical textbook printed in the Philippines |
Manual de Medicine Domestica |
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Author of first medical textbook printed in the Philippines |
Rafael Genard y Mas |
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Ordinary witness |
Impart what he has perceived |
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May be invoked by physician in civil cases to protect the patient's right to confidential information |
Privileged Communication |
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Deposition |
Written record of evidence given orally and transcribed in writing in the form of questions by the interrogator and the answer of the deponent and signed by the latter |
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Expert witness |
Draw inference from facts by the use of scientific skills or knowledged on account of his training |
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Physical evidence |
Articles and materials found in connection with the investigation and aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator |
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Corpus Delicti Evidence |
Objects or substances which may be a part of the body of the crime |
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Associative evidence |
Physical evidences which link a suspect to the crime |
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Tracing evidence |
Physical evidences which may assist the investigator on locating the suspect |
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Three types of physical evidence |
Tracing evidence Associative evidence Corpus delicti evidence |
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Manikin |
Miniature model of a sciene or human body indicating marks of the aspects to be preservevd |
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Direct evidence |
That which proves the fact in dispute without the aid of of any interference or presumption |
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Circumstantial evidence |
The proof of fact from which, taken either singly or collectively, the existence of a particular fact in dispute may be inferred as a necessary or probably consequence |
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Devices which record psycho-physiological response |
Polygraph/lie detector test Word association test Psychological stress evaluator |
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Truth serum |
Hyoscine hydrobromide |
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Narcoanalysis or narcosynthesis uses which substances |
Sodium amytal/ sodium pentothal |
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Word association test |
Stimulus and nonstimulus words read to the subject who is instructed to answer quickly |
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Psychological stress evaluator |
detects, measures and graphically displays the voice modulation that we cannot hear |
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Drugs used to inhibit the inhibitor |
Hyoscine hydrobromide Sodium amytal/ sodium pentothal Alcohol |
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Emotional appeal |
Scientific interogation technique wherein the interogator creates a mood conducive to confession |
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Mutt and Jeff technique |
There are 2 investigators opposite in character- arrogant and friendly |
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Stern approach |
Use of intimidation |
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Bluff on split-pair |
Suspects are investigated separately |
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Scientific interrogation techniques |
Emotional appeal Mutt and Jeff technique Bluff on split-pair Stern approach The subject is given the opportunity to make a lengthy narration
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Confession |
Expressed admission of guilt in a criminal case (eg "I killed Pedro" |
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Admission |
Statement of fact (eg I owned the knife that stabbed Pedro) |
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Extrajudicial confession |
A confession made outsidthe court prior to the trial of the case |
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Corpus delicti |
The body of the crime or fact of the specific loss or injury sustained |
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Judicial confession |
The confession of the accused in court |
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Law of multiplicity of evidence in identification |
The greater the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of two persons compared, the greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct |
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Cow's gait |
Swaying movement due to knock-knee |
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Paretic gait |
Steps are short and feet are dragged |
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Spastic gait |
Legs are held togethrt and toes are dragged |
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Festinating gait |
Short accelerated steps |
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Frog gait |
Hopping gait from infantile paralysis, use of hands to ambulate |
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Waddling gait |
Similar to duck movement |
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Gait in tabes dorsalis |
Ataxic gait |
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Gait in tertiary syphillis |
Ataxic gait |
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Gait in polio |
Frog gait |
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Hippocratic fascies |
Nose is pinched, temple holliw, eyes sunken, ears cold, lips relaxed, skin livid |
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Mongolian fascies |
Almond eyes, palecomplexiin, prominent cheekbones |
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Myxedemic facies |
Edematous swelling |
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Portrait parle |
Verbal accurate, picturesque description of person identifiede |
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Dactylography |
Art and study of recording fingerprints as means of identification |
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Dactyloscopy |
Art of identification by comparison of fingerprints |
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Poroscopy/Locards |
Study of pores on the papillary or friction ridges of the skin for purposes of identification |
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Teeth at 9 yrs old |
12 permanent (8 incisors, 4 molars) |
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Teeth at 11 yo |
20 permanent teeth (8 incisors, 8 premolars, 4 molars) |
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Teeth at 13 yo |
28 permanent teeth, no deciduous teeth |
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Age when alcification of 3rd molar begins |
8-10 yo |
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Age when root ends of 3rd molar completely calcifies |
25 yo |
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Bibliotics |
Science of hand writing analysis, documents to determine genuiness of authorship |
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Graphology |
Study of handwritinf to determine writer's personality, character and aptitude |
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Traced forgery |
Outlining of a genuine signature from a document |
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Simulated forgery |
Attempt to copy in freehand manner the genuine signature |
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Spurious forgery |
No attempt to copy the genuine writing |
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Disguised writing |
Deliberate attempt to alter writing habit or by imitating the writing of another |
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When is human skeleton unchangeable |
After 20th year |
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Hess' Rule/ Haase's Rule |
Determinatiom of age of fetus Fetus <25cm: square root of length in cm = age in mos Fetus =>25 cm: length in cm divided by 5.= age in mos |
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Types of physical examinations of blood and blood stains |
Solubility test Heat test Luminescence |
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Solubility test |
Recent blood shed is soluble in saline solution and imparts bright red color |
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Heat test |
Solution of blood stain will impart muddy precipitate |
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Luminescence |
Stains on dark fabric emit bluish-white luminescenve in dark room when sprayed with chemical solutions |
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Chemical examinations of blood and blood stain |
Saline extract of blood stain + ammonia Benzidine test Guaiacum/Van Deen's/ Schombein's test Phenolphthalein test/ Kastle-Meyer test Leucomalachite Green test |
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Micro-chemical tests for blood stains |
Hemochromogen crystal/Takayama test Teichmann's blood crystal/ hemin crystals Acetone-Haemin of Wagenhaar test |
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Precipin test |
To determine whether blood is human origin |
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Adolescent hair |
Scalp hair becomes long and thick |
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Somatic or clinical death |
Complete, persistent and continuous cessation of vital functions |
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Molecular or cellular death |
Death of indivudual cells |
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Apparent death/ state of suspended animation |
Transient loss of consciousness or temporary vessation of vital functions of the body on account of diseass, external stimulus or other forms of influence |
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Magnus test |
Ligature is applied around the base of the finger. If still with active circulation, pale around ligature and area of lividity distal to ligature |
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Icards test |
SQ injection of fluorescein. If positive, it will spread in the vessels and skin will have greenish-yellow discoloration |
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Diaphanous test |
Finger webs are viewed through strong light. If still alive, pale, light passes through and color is yellow |
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Winslow test |
Sauver of water or mercury is placed on chest and abdomen |
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Algor mortis |
Progressive fall of body temperature |
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Post-mortem caloricity |
Rise of temperature of the body after death due to rapid and early putrefavtive changes in the first 2 hrs after death |
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Schourupus formula |
Determination of time of death by examination of CSF |
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Ataxic gait |
Gait in which the foot is raised high, thrown forward and brought down suddenly |
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Facies indicative of approaching death |
Hippocratic facies |
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Rougue's galary |
Photographic files of wanted or missing persons for comparison with the cartographic sketch |
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Qualified seduction |
1. Virgin 12-18 yrs old 2. Committed by any person in public authority, priests, house-servant, domestic, guardian, teacher, or any person entrusted with education or custody of the woman |
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Punishment for qualified seduction |
Prision correcional |
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Simple seduction |
1. 12-18 yrs old woman 2. Single or widow 3. Sexual intercourse by deceit |
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Punishment for simple seduction |
Arresto major |
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Rape |
having carnal knowledge ofa a women under ff circumstances: 1. by force or intimidation 2. when woman is deprived of reason or unconsious 3. <12 yo, even without above conditions |
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Consented abduction |
1. 12-18 yo 2. with woman's consent 3. with lewd designs |
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Punishment of consented abduction |
prision correccional |
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Saline extract of blood stain plus ammonia result |
Brownish tinge due to hematin formation |
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Benzidine test |
White filter paper pressed on suspected blood stain and benzidine reagent is dropped on it. If there is blood, blue color appears |
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Guiaicum/ Van Deen's/ Schombein's test |
White filter paper is pressed and rubbed on suspected stain, then solution of alcoholic tincture of guaiacum is added, then hydrogen peroxide or ozonic ether is applied by drops. If blood is present, blue color appears |
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Menstrual blood in microscopic test |
Does not clot Acidic Abundant vaginal cells Doederlein's bacilli |
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Phenolphthalein test/ Kastle-Meyer Test |
A reagent is dropped on a white filter paper with the stain and left for at least 10 secs. Positive result shows pink color after addition of hydrogen peroxide |
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Hemochromogen crystal/ Takayama test |
Specimen and a drop of hemochromogen reagent is placed in between a slide and a cover glass and examined under the microscope. Positive test shoes crystals varying from salmon color to dark brown and pink, irregularly shaped rhomboids in clusters |
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Teichmann's blood crystals/ Hemin crystal test |
Put in slide and dry: Specimen + drop of saline water + glacial acetic acid Drown rhombic prisms of chloride of hematin are formed if positive |
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Acetone-haemin of Wagenhaar test |
Specimen placed between glass slide and cover slip with needle to prevent direct contact of cover slip with slide. Drop of acetone and a drop of diluted oxalic acid placed under cover slip. Positive test shoes small, dichronic acicular crystals of acetone-haemin are seen |
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Conditions wherein there is delayed coolong of the body upon death |
Acute pyrexial disease Sudden death in good health Obesity Death by asphyxia Death of middle age Clothing Want of access of air to the body Small room Warm surroundings |
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Conditions wherein there is advanced cooling of the body upon death |
Leanness of body Extreme age Long-standing or lingering illness Chronic pyrexial diasese with wasting Unclothed body Conditions allowing the access of ait Large room permitting the dissipation of heat Cooling more rapid in water than in air |
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When does cellular death occur after clinical death? |
3-6 hours later |
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The fall of temperature by how many degrees is considered a sign of death |
15-20 degrees Fahrenheit |
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Rate of cooling of the body when body temperature is normal at death |
First 2 hrs, is one half of the difference of the body temperature and that of air Next two hours, one half of the previous rate Next two hours, half of the last mentioned rate |
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How many hours does it take for the dead body to adapt temperature of its surroundings |
12-15 hours |
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Limitations of Schourup's formula |
Age > 15 yo CSF must be free of blood No escape of CSF due to injuries Death is within 15 hours of CSF collection |
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Tachenoid de la sclerotique |
A spot in the slecra post-mortem. May be oval or round or triangular with base towards cornea. Starts yellowish but later brown or black. Believed to be due to the thinning of the sclera thereby making the pigmented choroid visible |
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Stage of primary flaccidity: acidic or alkalinic |
Alkalinic |
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Rigor mortis is early in which age groups |
Elderly and newborns |
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Effect of heat on a dead body |
Heat accelerates rigor mortis but temperature above 75 C will produce heat stiffening |
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Pugilistic attitude |
Lower and upper extremities are flexed and the hands are clenched because flexor muscles are stronger than the extensors |
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Marbolization |
The prominence of the superficial veins with reddish discoloration during the process of decomposition which develops on both flanks of the abdomen, root of the neck and shoulder and which makes tha rea look like a "marbled" reticule of branching veins |
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Temperature conducive to decomposition |
70 F to 100 F (~21-37 C) |
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First part of body that putrefies in water |
Face and neck or sternum |
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Microorganism that has a dominant role in decomposition |
Clostridium welchii |
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Mummification |
Dehydration of the whole body |
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In saponificaiton, fats are transformed into what substances |
Adipocere |
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Maceration |
Softening of the tissues when in a fluid medium in the absence of putrefactive microorganisms which is frequently |
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Methods of conducting a search |
Strip method Double strip/Grid navigation Spiral method Wheel method Zone method |
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Strip method of search investigation |
The area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. TH searcher proceeds slowly at the same pace along the path parallel to one side o the rectangle |
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Double strip/ grid method of search investigation |
Searchers will traverse first parallel to the base and then parallel to the side |
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Spiral method |
Searchers follow each other in the path in the spiral manner beginning form the center towards the outside or vice versa |
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Wheel method of search investigation |
Searchers gather at the center and proceed outwards along radii or spokes |
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Zone method |
Whole area is divided into subdivision or quadrants and search is made in the individual quadrants |
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Punishment for assistance to suicide |
Prison mayor |
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Punishment for assistance to suicide to the point of doing killing of the person |
Reclusion temporal |
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Punishment for unsuccessful assistance to suicide |
Arresto mayor, med to max |
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Punishment for infanticide if mother did the killing |
Prision correctional |
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Punishment for murder |
Reclusion temporal, max |
n |
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Punishment for parricide |
Reclusion perpetua to death |
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Punishment for homicide |
Reclusion temporal |
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Death from syncope |
Death due to sudden and fatal cessation of action of the heart |
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Death from asphyxia |
Condition in which the supply of oxygen to the blood or tissues or both to both has been reduced below normal working level |
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Death from coma |
State of unconsicousness with insensibility of the pupil and conjunctivae, and inability to swalloww |
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Arresto menor |
One day to 30 days |
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Arresto mayor |
One month and one day to 6 mos |
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Prision correccional |
5 mos and one day to 6 years |
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Prision mayor |
6 years and one day to 12 yrs |
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Reclusion temporal |
12 yrs and one day to 20 yrs |
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Reclusion perpetua |
20 yrs and one day to 40 yrs |
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Larger: exit or entrance wound |
Exit wound |
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Gunshot wond on body part with superficial bone: inverted or everted |
Everted |
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Tatooing in gunshot wounds are present only at what distance |
Within 60cm |
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When is gunshot wound inverted |
WIthin 60cm |
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