Lecture: Unit 3

Front 1

___________ are any place where adjacent bones or bone & cartilage come together to form a connection.

Back 1

Joints.

Front 2

What are the three STRUCTURAL classifications of joints?

Back 2

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, & Synovial.

Front 3

____________ joints are freely moveable, their surfaces are not directly connected, they have joint cavities filled with fluid between bones, and are most common.

Back 3

Synovial joints.

Front 4

_________ joints are generally immovable and are united by fibrous connective tissue.

Back 4

Fibrous.

Front 5

____________ joints are immovable or slightly moveable and are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

Back 5

Cartilaginous joints.

Front 6

What are the three FUNCTIONAL classifications of joints?

Back 6

Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses.

Front 7

What does it mean for a joint to be a “synarthroses” joint?

Back 7

It means that the bones don’t move relative to each other.

Front 8

____________ is the functional classification of a joint where the bones do not move relative to each other.

Back 8

Synarthroses.

Front 9

_________ is the functional classification of joints that are “slightly” moveable.

Back 9

Amphiarthrosis.

Front 10

_______ is the functional classification of joints that are freely moveable.

Back 10

Diarthroses.

Front 11

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

Back 11

Synostoses, syndesmoses, & gomphoses.

Front 12

______ fibrous joints are immovable.

Back 12

Synostoses.

Front 13

____________ fibrous joints have variable movement.

Back 13

Syndesmoses.

Front 14

_________ fibrous joints can be described as “peg-in-socket”.

Back 14

Gomphoses.

Front 15

What are the two structural classifications of cartilaginous joints?

Back 15

Synchondroses and symphyses.

Front 16

In ___________ joints the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity. (Most joints!)

Back 16

Synovial.

Front 17

Functional classification of joints: __________ = immobile.

Back 17

Synarthrosis.

Front 18

Functional classification of joints: _________ = slightly moveable.

Back 18

Amphiarthrosis.

Front 19

Functional classification of joints: ____________ = freely moveable.

Back 19

Diarthrosis.

Front 20

____________ & ___________ joints are classified as either synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis.

Back 20

Fibrous; cartilaginous.

Front 21

All synovial joints are classified as __________.

Back 21

Diarthrosis.

Front 22

What are the three types of synarthroses (fibrous) joints?

Back 22

Syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis.

Front 23

The ______________ cartilaginous joints are associated with hyaline cartilage.

Back 23

Synchondroses.

Front 24

The ____________ cartilaginous joint are associated with fibrocartilage and occur in the midline.

Back 24

Symphyses.

Front 25

Give two examples of where you would find cartilaginous synchondroses joints.

Back 25

(1) in the epiphyseal plate.

(2) in the joint between the first run and sternum.

Front 26

Give two examples of where you would find a cartilaginous symphysis?

Back 26

(1) the intervertebral discs.

(2) pubic symphasis.

Front 27

_________ is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of each bone in a synovial joint.

Back 27

Articular capsule.

Front 28

______________ lines inner surface of articular capsule. Cells found here secrete synovial fluid.

Back 28

Synovial membrane.

Front 29

____________ is the thick, slimy fluid that fills the synovial cavity.

Back 29

Synovial fluid.

Front 30

___________ reduces friction, absorbs shock, supplies oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes, and removes waste. Consists of hyaluronic acid secrete by fibroblast-like cells. Becomes less viscous with exercise. (In synovial joints.)

Back 30

Synovial fluid.

Front 31

Bones are connected by _________.

Back 31

Ligaments.

Front 32

Ligaments are classified on their relationship to the joint capsule. What are the three classifications of ligaments?

Back 32

Extrinsic, intrinsic, intracapsular.

Front 33

A(n) __________ ligament is found outside the capsule.

Back 33

Extrinsic.

Front 34

A(n) __________ ligament is found fused into the wall of the capsule.

Back 34

Intrinsic.

Front 35

A(n) ____________ ligament is found inside the capsule.

Back 35

Intracapsular.

Front 36

_________ attach muscle to bone.

Back 36

Tendons.

Front 37

___________ allows for movement but limit the range of motions to prevent excessive or abnormal movements.

Back 37

Ligaments.

Front 38

________________ is a connective tissue sac that surrounds a tendon- where a tendon crosses a joint. Also contains lubricating fluid to allow for smooth movements of the tendon.

Back 38

Tendon sheath.

Front 39

________________ is a connective tissue sac that surrounds a tendon- where a tendon crosses a joint. Also contains lubricating fluid to allow for smooth movements of the tendon.

Back 39

Tendon sheath.

Front 40

___________ are fluid-filled sacs that prevent friction between skin, muscle, or tendon and an underlying bone.

Back 40

Bursae.

Front 41

What are the three types of bursae?

Back 41

Subcutaneous, submuscular, subtendinous.

Front 42

__________ is inflammation of a bursa. Causes pain, swelling, tenderness, and joint stiffness. Most commonly affected: knee, elbow, hip, and shoulder. Causes by trauma, muscle overuse, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, infection, or excessive prolonged pressure on the skin.

Back 42

Bursitis.

Front 43

What are the six different (structure) types of synovial joints?

Back 43

Pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, ball-&-socket.

Front 44

_________ is associated with aging and “wear and tear”. It is a type of arthritis.

Back 44

Osteoarthritis.

Front 45

____________ is deposition of uric acid crystals within a joint. (A type of arthritis.)

Back 45

Gout.

Front 46

______________ arthritis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joint capsule & synovial membrane. Articular cartilage is destroyed resulting in deformation, disability, and loss of movement.

Back 46

Rheumatoid.

Front 47

What is the opposite body movement of flexion?

Back 47

Extension.

Front 48

Describe lateral flexion.

Back 48

Bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side.

Front 49

Describe flexion.

Back 49

Movement in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of a joint; motion involving anterior bending of the vertebral column.

Front 50

Describe extension.

Back 50

Movement in the sagittal plane that increases the angle of the joint (think: straightens); motion invoking posterior bending of the vertebral column or returning to the upright position from a flexed position.

Front 51

Describe extension.

Back 51

Movement in the sagittal plane that increases the angle of the joint (think: straightens); motion invoking posterior bending of the vertebral column or returning to the upright position from a flexed position.

Front 52

What is the opposition body movement of adduction?

Back 52

Abduction.

Front 53

Describe abduction.

Back 53

Movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb laterally away from the body; spreading of the fingers. Moving your arms away from your body.

Front 54

Describe adduction.

Back 54

Movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb medially toward or across the midline of the body; bringing fingers together or your arms back against your body.

Front 55

Describe rotation.

Back 55

Movement of a bone around a central axis (ex: atlantoaxial joint) or around its long axis; twisting of the vertebral column resulting from the summation of small motions between adjacent vertebrae.

Front 56

What is the opposite body movement of supination?

Back 56

Pronation.

Front 57

Describe supination.

Back 57

Forearm motion that involves the palm of the hand from the palm backward to the palm forward position. (Ex: asking for a bowl of soup.)

Front 58

Describe pronation.

Back 58

Forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm forward to the palm backward position. (Ex. Turning down soup.)

Front 59

What is the opposite body movement of inversion?

Back 59

Eversion.

Front 60

Describe inversion.

Back 60

Foot movement involving the intertarsal joints of the foot in which the bottom of the foot is turned toward the midline. (Ex. Ankle sprain.)

Front 61

Describe eversion.

Back 61

Foot movement involving the intertarsal joints of the foot in which the bottom of the foot is turned laterally, away from the midline.

Front 62

What is the opposite body movement of protraction?

Back 62

Retraction.

Front 63

Describe protraction.

Back 63

Protraction: Anterior motion of the scapula or mandible.

Front 64

Describe retraction.

Back 64

Retraction: Posterior motion of the scapula or mandible.

Front 65

What is the opposite of the body movement “depression”?

Back 65

Elevation.

Front 66

Describe the body movement “depression”.

Back 66

Depression: Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula or mandible.

Front 67

Describe the body movement “elevation”.

Back 67

Elevation: Upward (superior) motion of the scapula or mandible.

Front 68

Describe the body movement “lateral excursion”.

Back 68

Lateral excursion: Side-to-side movement of the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side.

Front 69

What body movement is opposite of “opposition”?

Back 69

Reposition.

Front 70

Describe the body movement “opposition”.

Back 70

Opposition: Thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger.

Front 71

Describe the body movement “reposition”.

Back 71

Reposition: movement of the Thumb from opposition back to the anatomical position (next to index finger).

Front 72

What is the opposite body movement of “lateral rotation”?

Back 72

Medial rotation.

Front 73

What is the opposite body movement of “lateral rotation”?

Back 73

Medial rotation.

Front 74

Describe the body movement “lateral rotation.”

Back 74

Lateral rotation: Movement of the arm at the shoulder joint or the thigh at the hip joint that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body.

Front 75

Describe the body movement “medial rotation.”

Back 75

Medial rotation: Movement of the arm at the shoulder joint or the thigh at the hip joint that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of be body.

Front 76

What is the opposite body movement to “plantar flexion”?

Back 76

Dorsiflexion.

Front 77

Describe the body movement “plantar flexion”.

Back 77

Plantar flexion: Foot Movement at the ankle in which the heel is lifted off of the ground.

Front 78

Describe the body movement “dorsiflexion”.

Back 78

Dorsiflexion: Movement at the ankle that brings the top of the foot toward the anterior leg.

Front 79

What are three vertebral column joints?

Back 79

Facet joints, Atlanto-axial joint, & Atlanto-occipital joint.

Front 80

______________ are vertebral column joints that are between superior and inferior articular processes. They are plane joints that allow limited movement.

Back 80

Facet joints.

Front 81

The _____________ joint is between atlas & axis, it allows shaking of the head to say “no”. (A vertebral column joint.)

Back 81

Atlanto-axial joint.

Front 82

The _______________ joint is between occipital condyles and atlas. It allows shaking of the head to say “yes”. (A vertebral column joint.)

Back 82

Atlanto-occipital joint.

Front 83

The ____________ joint consists of a pair of condyloid joints. They are synovial socket-type joints.

Back 83

Atlanto-occipital joints.

Front 84

The ______________ joint is between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone & the mandibular condyle of the mandible. It allows for mandibular elevation & depression, as well as side-to-side, & protraction/retraction of the lower jaw.

Back 84

Temporomandibular joint.

Front 85

________________ joint is a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the Humerus & glenoid cavity of the scapula. It has the largest range of motion, but it lacks structural support due to the very shallow glenoid cavity. (Shoulder joint.)

Back 85

Glenohumeral joint.

Front 86

The elbow joint is a uniaxial joint formed by the ___________ & ____________ joints.

Back 86

Humeroulnar; Humeroradial.

Front 87

The ___________ joint is a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and acetabulum. It has limited range of motion.

Back 87

Iliofemoral.

Front 88

The ___________________ spans between the femoral head and the acetabulum and houses an important artery supplying the head.

Back 88

Ligamentum teres.

Front 89

A ___________ is a common injury in elderly people... The fracture of the femoral neck.

Back 89

Broken hip.

Front 90

The __________ is that largest joint in the body, it is a hinge joint that allows flexion and extension of the leg.

Back 90

Knee joint.

Front 91

The knee joint consists of what 3 articulation?

Back 91

Femoropatellar joint, medial tibiofemoral joint, lateral tibiofemoral joint.

Front 92

The _______________ injury is caused by a powerful blow to the lateral leg. It involved injury to the tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament.

Back 92

Terrible triad knee injury.

Front 93

The _______________ is an ankle joint and is found between talus and distal ends of the tibia and fibula. This uniaxial joint allows for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.

Back 93

Talocrural joint.

Front 94

The ___________ joint is an ankle joint located between talus and calcaneus.

Back 94

Subtalar joint.

Front 95

What ligaments are associated with the ankle joint?

Back 95

Deltoid ligament, Anterior & posterior talofibular ligaments, calcanofibular ligament.

Front 96

______________ is a break in the lower part of the fibular and the malleolus of the tibia. It is due to lateral displacement of the foot.

Back 96

Pott’s Fracture.

Front 97

Which ligaments are most affected in an ankle sprain?

Back 97

The anterior talofibular and calcanofibular ligaments.

Front 98

Ankle sprains involve...

Back 98

Stretching or tearing supporting ligaments and excessive inversion damages lateral ligaments.

Front 99

What are the four characteristics of muscle tissue?

Back 99

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, & elasticity.

Front 100

The muscle tissue characteristic “___________” involves the ability to carry an action potential across the cell membrane.

Back 100

Excitability.

Front 101

The muscle tissue characteristic “___________” involves the ability to carry an action potential across the cell membrane.

Back 101

Excitability.

Front 102

The muscle tissue characteristic “_______________” involves the ability to contract/shorten when stimulated by action potentials/electrical impulses.

Back 102

Contractility.

Front 103

The muscle tissue characteristic “________” involves the ability to stretch or extend.

Back 103

Extensibility.

Front 104

The muscle tissue characteristic “________” involves the ability to stretch or extend.

Back 104

Extensibility.

Front 105

The muscle tissue characteristic “___________” involves the ability to return to its original shape & length.

Back 105

Elasticity.

Front 106

What are the 4 functions of muscle tissue?

Back 106

(1) Produces body movements. (2) Stabilizing body positions- posture and joints. (3) Stores & moves substances within the body. (4) Generates heat.

Front 107

What are the three layers of connective tissue that skeletal muscle is composed of? They are also called “mysia”.

Back 107

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium.

Front 108

____________ is a layer of CT that surrounds the whole muscle, it is the outermost layer.

Back 108

Epimysium.

Front 109

_____________ is a layer of CT that surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers).

Back 109

Perimysium.

Front 110

____________ is a layer of CT that surrounds individual muscle fibers inside a fascicle.

Back 110

Endomysium.

Front 111

____________ are bundles of muscle fibers.

Back 111

Fascicles.

Front 112

What does endomysium cover?

Back 112

It covers muscle fibers within a fascicle.

Front 113

What does perimysium cover?

Back 113

Perimysium covers fascicles.

Front 114

What does epimysium cover?

Back 114

Epimysium covers the muscle as a whole.

Front 115

The ___________ is the muscle fiber’s/cell’s “plasma membrane”.

Back 115

Sarcolemma.

Front 116

___________ fluid contains hyaluronic acid.

Back 116

Synovial.

Front 117

One __________ muscle is voluntary.

Back 117

Skeletal.

Front 118

___________ is a response to a stimulus.

Back 118

Excitation.

Front 119

_____________ is a change of the charge across the membrane of a cell.

Back 119

Excitability.

Front 120

Around the myofibers we have ____________, a connective tissue that wraps around each skeletal muscle fibers.

Back 120

Endomysium.

Front 121

__________ & _________ Cause the striations in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue.

Back 121

Actin and myosin.

Front 122

Which is thicker? Actin or myosin?

Back 122

Myosin.

Front 123

Sarcomere go from _______ to _____.

Back 123

Z disc, z disc.

Front 124

The _______ is the area nearest the z disc where it appears lighter.

Back 124

The I band.

Front 125

The __________ has no actin in it, only myosin.

Back 125

H band.

Front 126

The dark _______________ has both actin and myosin in it.

Back 126

A band.

Front 127

___________ is bound to tropomyosin.

Back 127

Troponin.

Front 128

___________ normally covers the myosin binding sites on actin.

Back 128

Tropomyoscin.

Front 129

_________ is a molecule that contains lots of nitrogen and has a phosphate group on it. The phosphate came from adenosinetryphosphate.

Back 129

Creatine phosphate.

Front 130

___________ can give away a phosphate to ADP and then turn it into ATP.

Back 130

Creatine phosphate.

Front 131

________ helps give a resting place for excess phosphate when we do not have a contraction going on.

Back 131

Creatine.

Front 132

When we have to much ATP we store it in the form of ________.

Back 132

Creatine phosphate.

Front 133

___________ respiration has no oxygen.

Back 133

Anerobic.

Front 134

______________ does not need oxygen, and it is used during heavy exercise and after depletion of creatine phosphate.

Back 134

Anaerobic respiration.

Front 135

_________ respiration is the 2nd source of energy for contraction.

Back 135

Anaerobic.

Front 136

__________ catabolizes glucose to make ATP.

Back 136

Glycolysis.

Front 137

__________ respiration makes the body acidic, is good for short bursts of strength, and provides 30-40 seconds of maximal contraction.

Back 137

Anaerobic.

Front 138

__________ respiration is cellular respiration and REQUIRES oxygen.

Back 138

Aerobic.

Front 139

__________ is how we store oxygen in our muscles and it provides oxygen and energy.

Back 139

Myoglobin.

Front 140

___________ is the oxygen needed to get rid of the lactic acid.

Back 140

Oxygen debt.

Front 141

A(n) _________ contraction is when tension is constant and length changes.

Back 141

Isotonic.

Front 142

________ contractions are when the muscle shortens.

Back 142

Concentric.

Front 143

________ contraction is when the muscle lengthens.

Back 143

Eccentric.

Front 144

___________ contraction is when the tension that is generated is not enough to change its length- length stays the same.

Back 144

Isometric.

Front 145

Small motor units consist of _________ fibers per unit.

Back 145

2-20.

Front 146

Large motor units consist of ________ fibers per unit.

Back 146

2000-3000.

Front 147

Regarding a motor unit, the strength of the contract is dependent on...

Back 147

The size of the motor unit and the number of units activated all at once.

Front 148

_________ covers the myosin bonding sites on actin when the muscle is resting.

Back 148

Tropomyosin.

Front 149

The _______ period is when the muscle is resting.

Back 149

Latent.

Front 150

________ is partially sustained muscle contraction.

Back 150

Muscle tone.

Front 151

Isometric means...

Back 151

Same length.

Front 152

________ muscle is involuntary, has intercalated discs, desmosomes and gap junctions.

Back 152

Cardiac.

Front 153

_________ fibers have more oxygen and more mitochondria.

Back 153

Oxidated.

Front 154

________ fibers do not use oxygen that much.

Back 154

Glycolytic.

Front 155

__________ muscles are muscles that do not have to contract quickly, but have to contract over a longer period of time.

Back 155

Slow oxidative.

Front 156

Fast oxidative fibers = ________ contractions.

Back 156

Fast.

Front 157

Slow oxidative fibers = _______ contractions.

Back 157

Slow

Front 158

Smooth muscle is made up of ________ cells.

Back 158

Smooth muscle.

Front 159

Smooth muscle is the only muscle that has cells that undergo mitosis, this is a process called ___________.

Back 159

Hyperplasia.

Front 160

Smooth muscle is the only muscle that has cells that undergo mitosis, this is a process called ___________.

Back 160

Hyperplasia.

Front 161

Hyperplasia is associated with ________ in smooth muscle.

Back 161

Mitosis.

Front 162

__________ is when muscle gets bigger- you only see this in skeletal and cardiac.

Back 162

Hypertrophy.

Front 163

__________ muscle does not have striations.

Back 163

Smooth.

Front 164

In skeletal muscle _________ is a good thing because it means you are building muscle.

Back 164

Hypertrophy.

Front 165

Skeletal and cardiac muscle both have _________ and ________.

Back 165

Striations and sarcomeres.

Front 166

Instead of troponin and tropomyosin, smooth muscle has _________.

Back 166

Calmodgulin!

Front 167

Calmodgulin is a protein found in ___________.

Back 167

Smooth muscle.

Front 168

_________ is the only type of muscle that undergoes hyperplasia.

Back 168

Smooth muscle.

Front 169

________ is the part of the muscle that is stationary/won’t move.

Back 169

Origin.

Front 170

________ is the part of the muscle that moves towards the origin.

Back 170

Insertion.

Front 171

The muscle _______ is the thick part of the muscle.

Back 171

Belly.

Front 172

The __________ is the muscle that moves a body part in a certain direction.

Back 172

Agonist.

Front 173

____________ is the muscle that helps the action, it helps muscles do their job.

Back 173

Synergist.

Front 174

A fixator is a type of _______.

Back 174

Synergist

Front 175

___________ are the muscles that cause the action. They are the main muscle that causes the action.

Back 175

Prime movers.

Front 176

Muscles of facial expression insert on the _______.

Back 176

Skin.