Lecture 1 And Lecture 2

Front 1

Zygote

Back 1

Multicellular human being.

Front 2

Embryonic period

Back 2

3rd-8 weeks: the most visible advances occur

Front 3

Fetal Period

Back 3

Months 3-9
Differentiation and growth of tissues and organs occur, and rate of body growth increase

Front 4

Stage 1

Back 4

Begins at fertilization and embryonic development. Ends at stage 23, day 56

Front 5

Trimester

Back 5

A period of 3 months, three trimester. 9 month gestation period. The most critical stages of development happen at during the first 13 weeks, 1st trimester

Front 6

Gametes

Back 6

haploid cells

Front 7

Gametogenesis

Back 7

Process of formation and development of specialized generative cells - oocytes and sperms. chromosome number is reduced by half, and shape of cells are altered.

Front 8

Spermatogenesis

Back 8

Spermatogonia are transformed into mature sperms. This begins at puberty.

Front 9

Spermatogonia

Back 9

They are dormant in the seminiferous tubules of the tests during fetal, and postnatal periods.They increase in number during puberty.
They become transformed into primary spermatocytes, largest germ cell in the seminiferous tubules.

Front 10

Secondary Spermatocyte

Back 10

Primary spermatocyte (diploid), goes through meiosis 1, and makes secondary spermactocyte (meiosis 1). These are 2n, have sister chromatids

Front 11

Spermatids

Back 11

Result of meiosis 2, has only 1 set of chromosomes and they're haploid.

Front 12

Spermiogenesis

Back 12

Process through which spermatids are gradually transformed into four mature sperms

Front 13

Sertoli cells

Back 13

They line the seminiferous tubules and support and nurture the germ cells, involved in regulation of spermatogenesis

Front 14

Epididymis

Back 14

It is the elongated coiled tube at the posterior border of the tests. It is continuous with the vas deferens, transports sperms to the urethra.

Sperms are transported passively from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis, where they are stored and become fully functionally mature during puberty.

Front 15

Acrosome

Back 15

Cap-like saccular organelle containing several enzymes, anterior of the sperm head. Contains enzymes that help it penetrate the zona pellucida during fertilization

Front 16

Parts of the sperm tail

Back 16

Middle piece, principal piece, end piece.

Middle: contains mitochondria

Front 17

Oogenesis

Back 17

Sequence of events by which oogonia are transformed into mature oocytes. Maturation of oocyte begins before birth and completed after puberty. Oogenesis continues to menopause

Front 18

Oogonia

Back 18

Goes through mitosis

Primordial female sex cell enlarge to form primary oocytes before birth. As the primary oocyte form, connective tissue

Front 19

Primary oocyte

Back 19

Begin the first meiotic divisions before birth, but completion of prophase doesn't happen till puberty.

Female sex cells enlarge to form primary oocytes, and as this forms connective tissue cells surround them and form a single layer of flattened, folicular cells.

This is called a primordial follicle

Front 20

Primary Follicle

Back 20

During puberty, the primary oocyte enlarges and the follicular epithelial cells become cuboidal and then columnar in shape

Front 21

Zona Pellucida and Corona Radiata

Back 21

The primary oocyte then becomes surrounded by amorphous acellular glycoprotein material called Zona Pellucida

Layer of follicular cells that surround the secondary oocyte.

Front 22

Secondary oocyte (follicle)

Back 22

Upon time for ovulation, primary oocyte increases in size, and completes the first meiotic division, and gives rise to secondary oocyte and first polar body. First polar body contains 23 sister chromosomes, but has next to no cytoplasm.

Front 23

At ovulation

Back 23

Secondary oocyte beings second miosis, but stops at metaphase. If the sperm enters, and fertilization happens, miosis 2 is complete and the 2nd polar body is released while the fertilized oocyte retains most of the cytoplasm

Front 24

Numbers of oocyte

Back 24

2 million primary oocyte in ovaries of newborn female, adolescent has 40,000, only 400 end up being involved in ovulation

Front 25

2nd polar body formation

Back 25

Secondary occyte is arrested at metphase 2 during ovulation. If fertilization occurs, meiosis 2 is completed and 2nd polar body is formed and kicked out to let mature of the fertilized oocyte to begin

Front 26

Karytogamy

Back 26

fusion of the nuclei of 2 sex cells

Front 27

Three layers of the body of the uterus

Back 27

Perimetrium: thin external layer

Myometrium: thick, smooth muscle layer

Endometrium: thin, internal layer.

Front 28

Endometrium

Back 28

At the peak of its development, endometrium is 4-5mm thick. The basal layer that has its own blood supply is not slouched off during menstruation, but the spongy layer called functional layer is slouched off during menstruation.

Front 29

4 parts of the uterine tube

Back 29

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus (th silent), and uterine part

Front 30

Ovaries

Back 30

located close to the lateral pelvic walls on each side of the uterus, produces oocytes. Also produces estrogen and progesterone

Front 31

Ovulation

Back 31

Gonadrotropin-releasing hormone is synthesized and released by hypothalamus to anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This hormone stimulates the release of two hormones that act on the ovaries: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

These hormones induce growth of ovarian follicles and endometrium

Front 32

FSH

Back 32

Stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen by the follicular cells

Front 33

LH

Back 33

Serves as the "trigger" for ovulation (release of secondary oocyte) and stimulates the follicular cells and corpus luteum to produce progesterone

Front 34

4 charcteristics of developing Ovarian Follicle

Back 34

1) Growth and differentiation of primary oocyte
2) Proliferation of follicular cells
3) Formation of zona pellucida
4) Development of the theca folliculi

Front 35

Theca Folliculi

Back 35

As primary follicle increases in size, adjacent connective tissue organizes into capsule called this.

There are two layers, theca folliculi interna and theca folliculi externa.

Interna is a capsule like structure produces androstenedione, which produces estradiol,

Front 36

Antrum

Back 36

The space that is formed when secondary oocyte is getting formed coalesces to form a cavity that contains follicular fluid.

Front 37

Cumulus oophorus

Back 37

It is the mound of follicular cells that surround the developing 2ndary oocyte and push it to one side. It also extends into the antrum.

Front 38

Ovulation

Back 38

Midcycle, under the influence of FSH and LH ovarian follicular undergoes a sudden growth spurt...produces a bulge on surface of ovary. A stigma (swelling) appears on ovary

Surge of LH production triggers ovulation. Ovulation follows LH peak by 12-24 hours. LH surge causes the cumulus oophorus and secondary oocyte to balloon out onto the fimbriae