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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When is the highest risk for malformations during pregnancy?
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embryonic period
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When is the embryonic period?
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zygote formation to end of 8th week
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What are the three things that occur during the embryonic period?
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1) period that germ layers form
2) organogenesis 3) most malformations occur |
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When is the fetal period?
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beginning of third month to partuition
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What occurs during the fetal period?
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maturation of tissues and organ growth of the body
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Are malformations frequently occuring during the fetal period?
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no
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What are the major events during the 1st week?
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1) gametogenesis
2) fertilization 3) cleavage and implantation |
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What are the major events occuring during the second week? (2)
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cleavage and implantation
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What are the major events occurring during the third week?
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1) gastrulation
2) beginning the development of the central nervous system |
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What are the major events occuring during the fourth week?
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1) neurulation
2) embryonic folding 3) beginning the development of the heart |
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When does the development of limbs occur?
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5th to 8th weeks
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When does the development of the heart occur?
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4th to 8th weeks
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When does the development of the gastrointestinal tract happen?
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3rd to 12th weeks
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When does the sexual differentiation of the embryo occur?
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end of the 6th week
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When does the formation of the human face occur?
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4th and 10th weeks
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When is the fetal period?
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9th week to delivery
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What is the conceptus?
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embryo and associated membranes (amnion, chorionic sac and yolk sac)
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What is the primordium?
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Beginning of first discernible indication of organ or structure
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What is a trimester?
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period of three calendar months
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What is a critical period of human development?
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embryo is susceptible to an agent that can leads to congenital abnormalities
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Talk about the development of sensitivity from fertilization to birth?
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1)fertilization - not sensitive but high lethality
2)embryo - period of greatest sensitivity, each organ system will have a period of peak sensitivity 3)fetus - decreased sensitivity, period of functional maturation and functional maturity occurs |
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What system has the longest period of sensitivity?
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central nervous system
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What causes spontaneous abortions?
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chromosomal abnormalities
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what causes spina bifida?
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malformations of neural tube closure
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what causes down syndrome
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failure of chromosome 21 to seperate
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what causes sirenomelia
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deficiency in caudal development
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What causes pumlonary hypoplasia?
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failure of diaphragm to close during development
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What causes congenital cardiovascular disease?
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cardiovascular malformations
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What causes omphalocele
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failure of umbilicus to close
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What causes gastroschisis?
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Slitting of ventral abdominal wall
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What causes urinary tract anomalies?
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defects in ureteric bud or metenephros
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What syndactyly?
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webbing of digits
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What occurs to 50% of pregnancies?
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chromosomal abnormalities
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What are some of the defects that are most common?
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defects in ureteric bud or metaneprhos
Cardiovascular malformations spina bifida |
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What organs are the most deformed at birth (most to least common)
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1)brain
2) heart 3) kidneys 4) limbs 5) other |
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What causes the most of human malformations?
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1) unknown etiology - 50-50%
2) multifactorial - 20-25% |
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What are the most important causes of abnormalities?
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genetic factors which cause 1/3 of birth defects
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How many of conceptions in health women abort before detected?
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50-60%
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How many prengancies abort after dection?
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10-20%
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How many spontaneous abortions are caused by chromosomal abnormalities?
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40-50%
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How many liveborn infants have obvious anomaliy?
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3%
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What is gametogenesis?
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when there meiosis of the gametes from diploids to haploid
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