Learning And Memory Chapter 6

Front 1

if a particular response to a stimulus is followed by a "satisfying event" the satisfying event will strengthen the SR association, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated and vice versa

Back 1

The Law of Effect

Front 2

Usually little acts that people perform even when they are aware of no causal relationship between the action and its consequence

Back 2

Superstitious learning

Front 3

behaviors that naturally occur just before the occurrence of a reinforcer whose incidence is most likely to change as a result of coinciding with the reinforcer.

Back 3

terminal response

Front 4

behaviors that occur in the middle of the interval between reinforcers, whose incidence can also be altered by a correlation with subsequent reinforcers

Back 4

interim responses

Front 5

certain responses fit better with a particular reinforcer based on the animal's evolutionary history

Back 5

Belongingness

Front 6

attractive value of a reinforcer changes after instrumental learning occurs

Back 6

reinforcer devaluation

Front 7

an acquired feeling of futility in which people believe that they have no control over their situation

Back 7

learned helplessness

Front 8

an instrumental conditioning protocol in which the subject controls when it executes a response that delivers rewards (or avoids punishments) without experimenter intervention.

Back 8

free operant

Front 9

procedure that gradually modifies the animal's behavior toward the desired response

Back 9

Shaping

Front 10

an instrumental conditioning protocol in which untrianed pigeons are placed into a conditioning chamber and, at a regular interval key is illuminated for several seconds, then food is delivered with no required relationship between the desired key peck response and the food delivery. Nevertheless, pigeons reliably begin to peck the key when itis illuminated before the automatic food delivery; at that point the feeder activation is made to require key pecks

Back 10

Autoshaping

Front 11

A stimulus that, after being associated with a reinforcer, takes on a key property of the reinforcer in alternating the incidence of behaviors it follows

Back 11

secondary reinforcer

Front 12

applies principles of shaping and instrumental or operant conditioning to a broad variety of situations in education, business, and psychotherapy

Back 12

behavior modification

Front 13

individuals earn things for performing or not performing specific behaviors. these things can be exchanged for primary reinforcers

Back 13

Token Economy

Front 14

A phenomenon in instrumental conditioning in which irregular incidence of rewards following behaviors leads to greater persistence of the response during extinction.

Back 14

partial reinforcement effect

Front 15

reinforcement is given after a particular number of responses

Back 15

fixed ratio schedule (FR)

Front 16

the number of responses required before the reward varies randomly but has a constant average value

Back 16

variable ration schedule (VR)

Front 17

reinforcement is delivered following the first response after a particular amount of time since the last reinforcement.

Back 17

fixed interval schedule (FI)

Front 18

the duration of the minimum interval varies randomly but has a constant average period

Back 18

variable interval schedule (VI)

Front 19

each of the types of schedules results in a distinct behavior pattern that is typically recorded in terms of the running sum which is also called the...

Back 19

cumulative response

Front 20

in instrumental conditioning, the production of a consistent pattern of multiple responses that maximizes the rewards

Back 20

matching law

Front 21

subjects select each of several choices in proportion to their rate of success. Most humans do it animals don't

Back 21

probability matching

Front 22

a straightforward extension of simple instrumental responding, the last of which results in reward presentation

Back 22

response chaining

Front 23

animals are first trained to perform the final act in the sequence to obtain the primary reinforcer. they are trained to do the second to last task to get the stimulus for the last task and so on and so forth

Back 23

backwards chaining

Front 24

an instrumental conditioning protocol in which subjects are trained to perform a particular series of behavioral actions to receive rewards

Back 24

serial patterns

Front 25

a preprogrammed sequence that is initiated complete with sequencing and timing of its elements.

Back 25

motor program

Front 26

a stage of complex skill learning in which the learner remembers a list of instructions for the sequence to be followed

Back 26

cognitive stage

Front 27

a stage of complex skill learning in which involves substituting for the verbal memory a more direct representation of the sequence of movements that executes the skill

Back 27

associative stage

Front 28

a stage of complex skill learning the procedure is free of conscious control and direction. skill flows smoothly

Back 28

autonomous stage

Front 29

an experimental observation in which two treatments (typically two types of brain damage) are shown to have separate and distinct effects. In brain imaging research, IT is established when two separate tasks are shown to produce changes in activation in two distinct areas

Back 29

double dissociation