Leaf, Lmsw Prep Notable Psychologists

Front 1

Alfred Adler

Back 1

School: Psychoanalytic (partner of Freud)
Individual Psychology
Contributions: one is trying constantly to overcome childhood inferiority complex (studied birth order)

Front 2

Mary Ainsworth

Back 2

School: Developmental
Attachment Theory:
*Secure Base;
*Insecure ( Anxious Ambivalent);
*Insecure (Anxious/Avoidant);
*Disorganized/Disoriented
Contributions: studied little kids in the Strange Situation Experiment (insecure vs. secure attachment)

Front 3

Gordon Allport

Back 3

School: Traits
Contributions:cardinal, central, and secondary traits
Cardinal - organize life (those that contribute to the dominant feature in someone's personality)
Central - characteristics of person (often used to describe a person)

Front 4

Solomon Asch

Back 4

School: Social
Contributions: line experiment, conformity (peer pressure)

Front 5

Albert Bandura

Back 5

School: Cognitive & Behavioral
Social Learning Theory
Observational Learning
Contributions: Bobo Doll experiment (imitation, modeling) and reciprocal determinism

Front 6

Aaron Beck

Back 6

School: Cognitive
Contributions: founder of cognitive therapy
Common thinking errors

Front 7

Alfred Binet

Back 7

School: Cognitive
Contributions: created first standardized test for intelligence (mental age)

Front 8

Diana Baumrind

Back 8

School: Developmental
Contributions: parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved)

Front 9

John Bowlby

Back 9

Attachment Theory
Separation Anxiety; Stranger Anxiety

Prolonged Separation:
*Protest
*Despair
*Detachment
*Anaclitic

Front 10

Walter Cannon

Back 10

School: Cognitive
Contributions: Cannon Bard theory (emotions happen at same time as arousal)

Front 11

Raymond Cattell

Back 11

School: Trait
Contributions: 16 Personality Factors and surface traits

Front 12

Leon Chesting

Back 12

Black Experience:
Nurturing System - Individual is part of family, friends, immed community
vs.
Sustaining System - Individual is part of larger society

Dual Perspective - Person constantly shift btwn worlds (for minority can evoke conflict)

Front 13

Noam Chomsky

Back 13

School: Cognitive
Contributions: language acquisition device (innate aptitude for language)
-concepts of positive and negative feedback

Front 14

Herman Ebbinghaus

Back 14

School: Cognitive
Contributions: first to study memory, looked at forgetting curve

Front 15

Paul Ekman

Back 15

School: Cognitive
Contributions: 6 basic facial expressions (happy, sad, disgust, anger, fear, and surprise)

Front 16

Albert Ellis

Back 16

School: Cognitive
Contributions: rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) (confronting irrational thoughts)
A - Activating event; B - Belief; C - Consequent affect; D - Disputing of the irrational belief; E- Effect

Front 17

Erik Erikson

Back 17

School: Developmental
Ego Psychology - Psychosocial Stages
1. Trust v Mistrust (0-1y)
2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt (2-3y)
3. Initiative v Guilt (3-5y)
4. Industry v Inferiority (6-11y)
5. Identity v Identity Confusion (12-18Y)
6. Intimacy v Isolation (19-30+y)
7. Generativity v Stagnation/Self-Absorption (30s+-50+y)
8. Integrity v Despair (old age, 60+y)
First developmental therapy for whole lifespan

Front 18

Hans Eysenck

Back 18

School: Trait
Personality is genetic
Contribution: 3 Dimensions of Personality:
1. stability vs. instability;
2. extroversion vs. introversion
3. Psychoticisim

Front 19

Leon Festinger

Back 19

School: Social
Contributions: cognitive dissonence

Front 20

Anna Freud

Back 20

Defense mechanisms
Grg E Vaillant's levels are:
Level I - pathological defences (i.e. psychotic denial, delusional projection)
Level II - immature defences (i.e. fantasy, projection, passive aggression, acting out)
Level III - neurotic defences (i.e. intellectualization, reaction formation, dissociation, displacement, repression)
Level IV - mature defences (i.e. humour, sublimation, suppression, altruism, anticipation)

Front 21

Sigmund Freud

Back 21

School: psychoanalytic
Contributions: first comprehensive personality theory, first theory on abnormal behavior, and first type of talking therapy

Front 22

Howard Gardner

Back 22

School: Cognitive
Contributions: multiple intelligence theory
Visual - Spacial
Body
Musical
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Linguistic
Logical - Math

Front 23

William Glasser

Back 23

Reality Therapy
Reject concept of mental illness - Psychopathology results because person can not control environment in way that satisfies basic needs (belonging, power, fun, freedom)
Need to love and be loved; Need to feel worthwhile to themselves and to others.

Front 24

Carol Gilligan

Back 24

School: Cognitive
Contributions: revised Kohlberg's theory on moral development to look at difference in genders

Front 25

Daniel Goleman

Back 25

School:
Contributions: emotional intelligence and immediate vs. delayed gratification

Front 26

J. P. Guilford

Back 26

School: Cognitive
Contributions: mental abilities (100+)

Front 27

Jay Haley

Back 27

Strategic Family Therapy
Presenting pbm viewed as symptom of response to current dysfunction in family interaction
Relabeling; Reframing; Directives; Paradoxical instruction
Focus on behaving differently

Front 28

G. Stanley Hall

Back 28

School: Developmental
Contributions: one of 1st American psychologists and first to study child psychology

Front 29

Harry Harlow

Back 29

School: Developmental
Contributions: monkeys & attachment

Front 30

Frederick Herzberg

Back 30

Job Enrichment Theory (a.k.a. Dual Structure Theory or Motivator-Hygiene Theory or Two Factor Theory)

Front 31

Karen Horney

Back 31

School: Psychodynamic
Contributions: child anxiety, overcoming helplessness and Electra Complex
Neurosis is due to disturbed human relationships.

Front 32

William James

Back 32

School: Functionalism
Contributions: 1st American psychologist, studied how mind adapts to the world we live in

Front 33

Irving James

Back 33

School: Social
Contributions: groupthink

Front 34

Carl Jung

Back 34

School: psychoanalytic
Contributions: collective unconscious and archetypes
Two Attitudes: Extroversion; Introversion
Basic Functions: Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, Intuiting
SW focus is to bridge gap

Front 35

Lawrence Kohlberg

Back 35

School: Developemental
Contributions: how moral dilemmas create moral development in men
1. Pre-conventional
Stage 1. Punishment and obedience orientation
Stage 2. Instrumental relative orientation
2. Conventional
Stage 3. Interpersonal concordance (good boy/nice girl)
Stage 4. Law and Order
3. Post-Conventional
Stage 5. Social law contract
Stage 6. Universal ethical principal orientation

Front 36

Wolfgang Kohler

Back 36

School: Gestalt (Cognitive)
(whole is sum of it's parts)
Contributions: insight learning (chimpanzees)
*Avoid use of diagnostic labels

Front 37

Heinz Kohut

Back 37

Object-Relations Theory
(worked with Mahler (stages of development)

Front 38

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

Back 38

Contributions: studied end of lifespan, stages of death and dying
Denial; Anger; Bargain; Depression; Acceptance

Front 39

Karl Lashley

Back 39

School: Behavioral & Biological
Contributions: searched for engram (neuropsych/physical trace) for memory

Front 40

Richard Lazarus

Back 40

School: Cognitive
Contributions: thoughts precede emotions

Front 41

Kurt Lewin

Back 41

Leadership Climates: (Change Management Model)Authoritarian; Democratic; Laissez-faire
B=f(P,E) Force-Field Analysis

Front 42

Marsha Linehan

Back 42

Dialectical Behavior Theory (coping)
Skill building
Relations with others

Front 43

Elizabeth Loftus

Back 43

School: Cognitive
Contributions: eyewitness, reconstruction of memory

Front 44

Margaret Mahler
(worked w Kohut)
(influenced by Bowlby, Piaget, Spitz)

Back 44

Object Relations Theory
STAGES: 1) Normal Autism (0-1mo) Little awareness of otrs; 2) Sumbiosis or Normal Symbiotic (1-4mos) Attachment to caregiver, no sense of individuality, depreivation may lead to Bi-Polar) 3) Separation-Individuation (4-8mos through 36 mos) Development of ego, sense of ID & cog abilities; SUBSTAGES OF STAGE 3: 1) Differentiation from mtr/Hatching (4-8mos) ; 2) Practicing (8-15mos) Rapprochement (15-24 mos); 3) Achievement of Individuality (24-36mos) consolidation and obejct constancy

Front 45

Abraham Maslow

Back 45

School: Humanistic
Contributions: self actualization and hierarchy of needs

Front 46

David McClelland

Back 46

School: Cognitive
Human Motivation Theory
Contributions: box toss and achievement motivation
*Achievement
*Affiliation
*Power

Front 47

Donald Meichenbaurm

Back 47

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Self Instruction Training
Maladaptive behavior is associated with patterns of thinking and response that do not result in mentally healthy outcomes
Used to treat depression, anxiety, phobias

Front 48

Stanley Milgram

Back 48

School: Social
Contributions: shock experiment and obedience
People are willing to obey even if it goes against morals.

Front 49

Salvador Minuchin

Back 49

Structural Family Therapy
Addresses family pbms by dividing family into subsystems.
Modify family rules;
Develop appropriate boundaries

Front 50

Ivan Pavlov

Back 50

School: Behavioral
Contributions: Classical/Respondent Conditioning
Making a connection between unrelated things
US>UR (Involuntary); CS>CR (learned)

Front 51

Helen Perlman

Back 51

Problem Solving Model
Contact Phase: ID pbm; ID Goals; Contract; Exploration
Contract Phase: Assessment & Evaluation; Plan of Action; Prognosis
Action Phase: Implementation of Treatment Plan; Termination; Evaluation

Front 52

Fritz Perls

Back 52

Gestalt Therapy
4 Major Boundary Disturbances

*Introjection- difficulty distinguishing btwn "me" and "not me"
*Projection- disown aspects of self by assigning to other
*Retroflection- redirect anger one has for another person inward
*Confluence- Absence of boundary btwn self and environment

(used empty chair)

Front 53

Jean Piaget

Back 53

Cognitive Development STAGES of learning/reasoning
Assimilation - looking for similarities
Accommodation - looking for differences (adaption=learning)
1. Sensorimotor (0-2y)
SUBSTAGES:
1. Impulsive and Reflex Actions
2. Primary Circular Actions
3. Practicing Secondary Circular or Repetitive Actions
4. Coordinating Secondary Schemes
5. Tertiary Circular Actions/Continuation of Experimentation w More Variability
6. Invention through Mental Combinations
2. Pre-operational (2-7y) Imagination, uses language & otr symbols, focus is egocentric
3. Concrete Operations (7-11y) understands conservation
4. Formal Operations (11+y) abstract reasoning

Front 54

Robert Rescorla

Back 54

School: Cognitive & Behavioral
Contributions: contingency model of classical conditioning (adding thinking to the process)

Front 55

Carl Rodgers

Back 55

School: Humanistic ; Person-Centered Therapy
Contributions: self-concept and genuineness, acceptance, and empathy (unconditional positive regard)

Front 56

Hermann Rorschach

Back 56

School: Psychoanalytic
Contributions: inkblot projective test

Front 57

Julian Rotter

Back 57

School: Social and Cognitive (Social Learning Theory)
Contributions: personal control (internal vs. external locus of control)
(self fulfilling prophecy)

Front 58

Virginia Satir

Back 58

Family Therapy. Styles of Communication (Poses)*Placater
*Blamer
*Super-reasonable
*Congruent Communicator

Front 59

Stanley Schachter

Back 59

School: Cognitive
Contributions: 2-factor theory - you must experience arousal and interpret the situation to feel emotion

Front 60

Martin Seligman

Back 60

School: Cognitive
Contributions: learned helplessness

Front 61

Hans Selye

Back 61

School: No one in particular, physiological
Contributions: general adaption syndrome (how we respond to stress: alarm, resistance, and the exhaustion)

Front 62

B. F. Skinner

Back 62

School: Behavioral
Contributions: Skinner box, Operant Conditioning
Learning through reward and punishment

Front 63

Charles Spearman

Back 63

School: Cognitive
Contributions: g-factor of intelligence
concept of a coefficient of correlation

Front 64

Robert Sternberg

Back 64

School: Social and Cognitive
Contributions: triarchic theory of intelligence (analytic, creative, and practical) and triangular theory of love (intimacy, passion, and commitment)

Front 65

Lewis Terman

Back 65

School: Cognitive
Contributions: Standford - Binet

Front 66

E. L. Thorndike

Back 66

School: Behavioral
Contributions: first to talk about operant conditioning, law of effect

Front 67

L. L. Thurstone

Back 67

School: Cognitive
Contributions: 7 clusters of mental ability ---> used by Weschler to create WAIS and WISC

Front 68

Edward Titchner

Back 68

School: Structuralism
Contributions: brought psychology to America

Front 69

Lev Vygotsky

Back 69

School: Developmental
Contributions: looked at role of environment in intellectual development of children (zone of proximal development)

Front 70

Karen Wandrei (James Karl)

Back 70

Person-In-Environment
Balance strength with problems

Front 71

J. B. Watson

Back 71

School: Behavioral
Contributions: c
Classical Conditioning and Lil Albert
Stimulus generalization; Extinction; Counter conditioning

Front 72

Max Wertheimer

Back 72

School: Gestalt
Contributions: creator of Gestalt psych. (whole is greater than the sum of its parts)

Front 73

Benjamin Whorf

Back 73

School: Cognitive
Contributions: learn language through environment and language and thinking influence each other

Front 74

Joseph Wolpe

Back 74

Counter Conditioning (Classical Theory)
Treat phobias

Front 75

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 75

School: Structuralism
Contributions: 1st psychologist

Front 76

Robert Zajonc

Back 76

School: Social
Contributions: social facilitation and mere exposure effect

Front 77

Philip Zimbardo

Back 77

School: Social
Contributions: Stanford Prison Experiment and roleplaying