Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
John Laver |
Phatic Tokens for starting conversation Neutral tokens: reference is to the context of situation that is common to both participants ('nice weather', 'great view', 'these trains need cleaning').Used between complete strangers Other-oriented tokens: reference is to a socially inferior addressee ('that looks like hard work', 'you're looking well', 'how do you do') Self-oriented tokens: reference is to the speaker himself when speaking to a socially superior addressee ('hard work, this', 'I'm warm today', 'I'm pleased to meet you'). |
|
Austin (1962) |
Speech Acts Locutionary act: The literal, ostensible, surface meaning of an utterance Illocutionary act: The meaning conveyed from an utterance, above locution, where saying equals doing, welcoming and warning. What was meant by an utterance. Perlocutionary act: viewed at the level of an utterance’s psychological consequences, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring. What happened as a result of the utterance E.G ‘I’ve got this new car, do you want to drive it?’ - (to instil jealousy or astonishment) |
|
Searle (1969) |
Categories of Illocutionary acts Representatives/Assertives Directives Commissives Expressives Declarations |
|
Howard Giles |
Accommodation Theory (1973) |
|
Grice |
Grice’s maxims (Cooperative principle) Quality Quantity Relevance Manner |
|
Leech |
Politeness maxims Tact maxim - minimize cost to other, maximize benefit to other Generosity maxim - minimize benefit to self, maximize cost to self Approbation maxim - minimize dispraise of other, maximize praise of other Modesty maxim - minimize praise of self, maximize dispraise of self Agreement maxim - minimize disagreement between self and other, maximize agreement between self and other Sympathy maxim - minimize antipathy between self and other, maximize sympathy between self and other |
|
Levinson and Brown |
Politeness and Face Positive face - reflects our desire to be accepted and liked by others Negative face - reflects our wish to not be imposed on. |
|
Lakoff |
Politeness principle Don’t impose Give the other person options Make the other person feel good |
|
Herbert and Straight |
Compliments and compliment responses (1989) Compliments tend to flow from those of higher rank to those of lower rank |
|
Herring |
Gender differences in CMC In emails, especially in office environments, women tended to use a personal voice, e.g. 'I am intrigued by your comment...'. While men used a more formal, passive voice ‘it is obvious that’ |
|
Holmes |
Women at work: Analysing women’s talk in New Zealand workplaces Women managers seem to be more likely to negotiate consensus than male managers. They are less likely to 'plough through the agenda', taking time to make sure everyone agrees with the decisions made. |
|
Holmes and Marra |
Leadership and managing conflict in meetings Women use as much humour as men, to control discourse and subordinates and to contest superiors, although they are more likely to encourage supportive and collaborative humour. |
|
Drew and Heritage |
'Institutional talk' (1992) (i) the goals of the participants are more limited and institution-specific (ii) restrictions on the nature of interactional contributions are often in force (iii) implicit ways of thinking, communicating and behaving are present called Inferential frameworks (iv) relationships are asymmetrical in language use, people use language differently based on their position in the hierarchy and therefore their power. |
|
Hornyak |
1994 The shift from work talk to personal talk is always initiated by higher ranking individuals. |
|
Wenger |
‘Communities of Practice’ 1998 Groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly. Also share a repertoire. |
|
Swales |
Discourse communities A professional community which has a set of professional practices and shares specialist knowledge and certain values. People working together in the same organization or field have mechanisms of intercommunication and use professional genres and specialist lexis. |
|
Eakins & Eakins |
1976 In seven university faculty meetings, the men spoke for longer. (The men’s turns ranged from 11 to 17 seconds, the women’s from 3 to 10 seconds.) |
|
Edelsky |
1981 In a series of meetings, men more dominant - took longer turns, made more jokes and had more arguments in the structured part of the meetings. During the free for all, women and men talked equally, and women joked, argued, directed and solicited responses more than men. |
|
Tracy and Eisenberg |
1990/1991 When role-playing delivering criticism to a co-workers, men showed more concern for the feelings of the person they were criticizing when in the subordinate role, while women showed more concern when in the superior role. |
|
Sinclair and Coulthard |
1975 Initiation - Q by teacher Response - Answer by student Feedback - Positive, Negative, repetition, interaction |
