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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Neuroglia |
- provide metabolic support - electrical insulation - second kind of cell in nervous tissue - highly mitotic - prevent electrical interference - general function is support and insulation |
supporting cells |
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astrocytes |
- star shaped cells - processes, perivascular feet - hold neurons to other neurons and to blood vessels - help control ionic environment, may pass nutrients to neuron - Blood Brain Barrier: exchange is slow & large things do not leave capillaries |
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Perivascular feet of astrocytes |
- at end of cytoplasmic extensions - attach to neurons & blood vessels |
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Epindymal cells |
- form epithelial lining of ventricles & central canal - form CSF in ventricles - ciliated to move CSF in central canal |
Spinal cord slides |
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Schwann cells |
- Form neurolemma & myelin sheath which insulate large axons - hold several axons in neurolemma and no myelin sheath in small diameter axons |
model, longitudinal & cross section nerve slides |
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Satellite Cells |
- surround sensory neuron cell bodies within ganglia - regulate exchange of nutrients and wastes between neurons and ISF |
Dorsal root ganglion slide |
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Multipolar Neurons |
- largest and most common - all motor neurons are multipolar neurons |
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Nissl Bodies |
- Extensive robosomes - granules in cytoplasm |
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Dendrite |
- cell processes/extensions - Dendrite: transmits info away from cell body, always one per cell, releases neurotransmitters |
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Axon |
- both are cell processes/extension - transmits info away from cell body, always one per cell, releases neurotransmitters |
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Axon Hillock |
- Impulse initiation area - contains no nissl bodies |
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Nodes of Ranvier |
- gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent schwann cells |
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Neurolemma |
- schwann cell membrane - protects & enhances conduction velocity - as axons grow schwann cells embrace them |
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Myelin Sheath |
- insulates axons/fibers - protect fibers/axons - increaseses rate of impulse conduction - allow for regeneration |
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Spinal Cord |
- connects brain to periphery: sensory receptors & effectors - Located in vertebral column for protection
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Gray matter in spinal cord includes |
- Posterior (dorsal) Horn - Anterior (Ventral) Horn - Lateral Horn - Gray Commissure |
PALG |
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White Matter in spinal cord |
- Posterior (Dorsal) Funiculi (Columns) - Anterior (Ventral) Funiculi (Columns) - Lateral Funiculi (Columns) |
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Spinal Cord Gray Matter Posterior Horn |
General Sensory |
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Spinal Cord Gray Matter Lateral Horn |
Autonomic Motor |
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Spinal Cord Gray Matter Anterior Horn |
Somatic Motor |
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Gray Matter |
- Cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons are found - Purpose is to pack many cells in close space, requires less wiring to connect them |
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Endoneurium |
- areolar CT - Covers individual neural fibers |
Inner most layer |
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Unipolar Neurons |
- One process that branches to form dendrites and another an axon - associated only with general sensory fibers - transmit touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position - Only found in Dorsal Root Ganglion |
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Satellite Cells |
- surround sensory neuron cell bodies within ganglia - Regulate exchange of nutrients and wastes between neurons and Interstitial fluid |
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meningeal spaces and coverings |
- epidural space - subdural space - arachnoid - subarachnoid space - dura mater - pia mater |
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Meninges |
- CT coverings that encircle brain & spinal cord - Dura mater - arachnoid - pia mater |
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Dura Mater |
Dense Fibrous CT |
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Arachnoid |
- Collagen & elastic fibers - trabeculae attach arachnoid to pia mater |
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Subarachnoid space |
- contains Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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Pia Matter |
- delicate CT with collagen - Vascular - closely adheres to brain & spinal cord - has a subpial space |
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Layers in order of spinal cord starting from the outside moving in |
- Epidural Space - Dura Mater - Subdural Space - Arachnoid - Subarachnoid Space - Pia Mater |
EDSASP |
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Denticulate Ligaments |
- anchors spinal cord laterally - extensions of pia mater that fuse with dura - Protects from shock and displacement |
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Conus Medullaris |
- Marks the official end of the spinal cord |
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Cauda Equina |
- collection of roots that exit the spinal cord - horse tail |
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Terminal Filament of Pia |
- aka Filum Terminale - located in cauda equina - thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus mdullaris to the coccyx |
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Internal anatomy of spinal cord gray matter |
- forms butterfly shape or horns - all neurons in horns are multipolar |
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Posterior horn ( Spinal cord) |
- General sense neurons terminate here - synapse with interneurons |
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Lateral Horn (Spinal Cord) |
- Autonomic motor neuron cell bodies here - innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
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Anterior Horn (Spinal Cord) |
- Somatic motor neuron cell bodies here - innervate skeletal muscle |
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Posterior (Dorsal) White Column |
- contains axons of one ascending sensory tract - Axons are general sensory axons of neurons carrying information from Meissner's corpuscles & joint receptors to nuclei in medulla |
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Lateral White Column |
- Contains both sensory and motor tracts - are interneuron axons that carry either sensory or motor information |
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Anterior (Ventral) White Column |
has both sensory and motor tracts |
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Dorsal Root Ganglia |
- one for each segment of the cord - carry general sensory info - (also ganglia in head with bipolar neuron cell bodies) |
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Autonomic Ganglia |
- sympathetic trunk ganglia - collateral ganglia - PS ganglia |
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Posterior Ramus |
- Smaller of the two main branches - innervates the deep muscles of the back and skin of back |
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Anterior Ramus |
- larger of the two main branches - splits into multiple other branches - innervates the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk, upper limb, and the lower limb |
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Cervical Plexus |
- contains phrenic nerve |
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Brachial Plexus |
- Radial Nerve - Median Nerve - Ulnar Nerve |
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Lumbar Plexus |
- Femoral Nerve |
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Sacral Plexus |
- Sciatic Nerve which branches into; - Tibial Nerve - Common Peroneal Nerve (common fibular nerve) |
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Cerebrum (Telencephalon) |
- Cerebral Hemispheres - Basal Nuclei - Hippocampus - Amygdala - Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve) and Olfactory Bulb |
CBHAC |
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Cerebral Hemispheres |
- Cerebral Cortex - Longitudinal Fissure - Frontal Lobe - Parietal Lobe - Occipital Lobe - Temporal Lobe - Insula - Central and Lateral Sulcus - White Matter - Lateral Ventricles with choroid plexus - Septum Pellucidum |
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White Matter in brain consists of |
- Corpus Callosum - Fornix - Corona Radiata - Internal Capsule |
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Basal Nuclei parts |
- Caudate - Lentiform - Putamen and Globus Pallidus |
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Diencephalon parts |
- Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Epithalamus - Interventricular Foramen - Third Ventricle with choroid Plexus - Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm) |
THEITC |
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Hypothalamus parts |
- Infundibulum - Pituitary - Mammillary Body |
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Midbrain (Mesencephalon) parts |
- Cerebral Peduncles - Cerebral aqueduct - corpora quadrigemina which includes the superior and inferior colliculi - substantia nigra - red nucleus - Cranial Nerve III (Occulomotor Nerve) - Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear Nerve) |
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Pons (Metencephalon) parts |
- Cerebellar peduncles (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve) - Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens Nerve) - Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve) - Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve) |
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Cerebellum (Metencephalon) parts |
- Lateral cerebellar hemispheres - Vermis - Folia - Arbor Vitae (white matter) |
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Medulla Oblongata (Myelencephalon) parts |
- Olives - Pyramids, decussation of pyramids - Fourth Ventricle with choroid plexus - Cranial Nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) - Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve) - Cranial Nerve XI (accessory nerve) - Cranial Nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve) |
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Dura Mater 4 parts |
- Falx cerebri; superior and inferior saggital sinus, arachnoid villi - Falx cerebelli; Occipital Sinus - tentorium cerebelli; straight, transverse & sigmoid sinuses - confluence sinuses |
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Circle of Willis and major associated arteries |
- internal carotid arteries - vertebral arteries - basilar artery - anterior cerebral arteries - middles cerebral arteries - posterior cerebral arteries - anterior communicating arteries - podterior communicating arteriesm |
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Cerebral cortex |
- made of gray matter - comprised of the Frontal, parietal, occipatal and temporal lobes - is comprised of sulci and gyri, no CT - 3 functional areas; motor, sensory, and association |
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Longitudinal Fissure |
Separates Left and Right Hemispheres |
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Central Sulcus |
Separates Frontal and parietal lobes |
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Frontal LoBe |
- Controls precise skilled movements - Precentral gyrus - serves as memory bank for learned skilled movements like typing and playing piano |
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Parietal Lobe |
- postcentral gyrus - processes somatic sensory input (touch, pressure, pain, temp and taste) |
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Occipital Lobe |
- processes visual input, interprets shape, color, movement |
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Temporal Lobe |
- processes auditory input - coordinates visual & auditory aspects of language - Wernicke's area is for speech comprehension - includes hippocampus & amygdala which are nuclei and part of limbic system |
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Insula |
- Deep to temporal lobe - function not clear - may have roles in language, equilibrium, regulation of visceral function |
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Gyrus & sulci |
- Precentral gyrus & postcentral gyrus - gyri are folds, and convolutions - Central and lateral sulcus - sulci are grooves or depressions between gyri |
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Precentral Gyrus |
- is primary cortex - immediately anterior to the central sulcus - controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles |
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Postcentral gyrus |
- primary somatosensory cortex - main sensory receptive area for touch |
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Corpus Callosum |
- Largest of white matter tracts - connects the hemispheres L/R - provides main communication link between these hemispheres |
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Corona Radiata |
- bundle of nerve fibers located in brain - Carry information between the brain cells of the cerebral cortex and the brain cells in the brain stem |
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Fornix |
- tract that contains association fibers from hippocampus to mammillary bodies of hypothalamus - runs in third ventricle |
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Cerebral white matter tracts |
- association fibers - commisural fibers - projection fibers |
ACP |
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Association Fibers |
- connect gyri in same hemisphere |
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Commisural fibers |
- connect 2 hemispheres - corpus callosum - anterior and posterior commissure |
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Projection Fibers |
- form ascending & descending tracts - internal capsule and corona radiata |
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internal capsule |
- white matter structure - carries information past the basal ganglia - separates caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the putamen and the globus pallidus |
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Choroid Plexus |
- plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain - consists of modified ependymal cells |
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Septum Pellucidum |
- seperates the anterior horns of the left and right ventricles |
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Basal Nuclei |
- aka basal ganglia, cerebral nuclei - functions are not known precisely - all involved with involuntary control of skeletal muscle - cooperates and sends most output to cerebral cortex - may start, stop, regulate intensity of voluntary movements - regulates rhythmic, repetitive tasks - works with substantia niagra |
defect leads to huntington and parkinsons diseases |
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basal nuclei parts |
- Caudate - lentiform |
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Caudate |
- control of large automatic movements - neurons in this nuclus stimulate the appropriate muscles to produce the ppatern and rhythm of arm and leg movements associated with walking |
arm swinging |
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Lentiforms |
- megaphone shaped, has outer and inner part - comprised of putamen and globus pallidus |
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Putamen |
- acts closely with caudate - forms very complex, feed back loop - controls muscular movement at the subconcious level |
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Globus Pallidus |
- regulates muscle tone by exiting and inhibiting the thalamus |
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Hippocampus |
- encodes, consolidates, retrieves memories of facts & events |
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Amygdala |
- Pereceives fear - stimulates appropriate sympathetic response - froms memories based entirely on their emotional impact especially fear - can retrieve these memories & replay emotions |
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Cranial Nerve I |
- Olfactory - Smell |
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Cranial Nerve II |
- Optic - Vision |
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Cranial Nerve III |
- Oculomotor - SNS inervates eye muscle control - Parasympathetic focuses and constrict pupil |
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Cranial Nerve IV |
- Trochlear - Eye muscle control |
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Cranial Nerve V |
- Trigeminal - Receives sensory impulses from face, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and anterior scalp - sensory touch, pain, temperature, muscle sense - also inervates muscles of mastication |
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Cranial Nerve VI |
- Abducen - Innervates lateral rectus eye muscle, which abducts the eye - eye muscle control |
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Cranial Nerve VII |
- Facial - Innervates muscles of facial expression - conducts taste sensations from anterior two-thirds of tongue - Parasympathetic lacrimal gland, and most salivary glands |
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Cranial Nerve VIII |
- Vestibulocochlear - conducts equilibrium and auditory sensations to brain - formerly called the auditory or acoustic nerve |
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Cranial Nerve IX |
- Glossopharyngeal - Receives taste and touch sensations from posterior tongue - innervates one pharynx muscle and the parotid salivary gland |
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Cranial Nerve X |
- Vagus - innervates structures in the head and neck - - innervates the thoracic and abdominal cavities as well |
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Cranial Nerve XI |
- Accesory - Innervates trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and some pharynx muscles - formerl called the spinal accessory nerve |
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Cranial Nerve XII |
- Hypoglossal - Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles - means "under the tongue" |
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Thalamus |
- two egg-shaped masses linked by intermediate mass (interthalamic adhesion) - contains 12 nuclei - relay station for all sensory information except smell - Each nucleus receives input from a specific region and projects to specific region of cortex - also processes, organizes, amplifies, and mutes signals |
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Hypothalamus |
- inferior to thalamus, on either side of narrow part of 3rd ventricle - 12 nuclei - serves to link the nervous & endocrine systems - regulates the ANS control of effectors, emotion/behavior, homeostasis, and pituitary gland |
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ANS control of effectors |
- heart rate - respiration - salivation - sweating - digestion |
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Emotion/Behavior (Hypothalamus) |
- rage - fear - pleasure - sex drive - sleep-wake cycles |
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homeostasis (Hypothalamus) |
- thirst - hunger - satiety - temperature - osmolarity |
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pituitary gland |
- connected to hypothalamus by the infindibulum - has mamillary bodies directly behind - release of pituitary gland hormones is controlled by hypothalamus - hormones include; adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, anti-diuretic hormone, oxytocin |
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Mammillary body |
- recollective memory |
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Epithalamus |
- connects the lymbic system to other parts of the brain - pineal gland - regulates hormones, - melatonin |
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Interventricular Foramen |
- connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle - allows cerebrospinal fluid produced in the lateral ventricles to reach the third ventricle and the rest of the brain's ventricular system |
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Third Ventricle |
- filled with cerebrospinal fluid that protects the brain from injury and transport nutrients and waste - sends messages to and receives messages from the lateral ventricles |
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Choroid Plexus |
- plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain - consists of modified ependymal cells - CSF acts as medium for filtration system that facilitates the removal of metabolic waste from the brain |
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Midbrain (mesencephalon) |
- has tracts & nuclei - importan functions in motor movement such as eye and auditory and visual processing |
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Cerebral Peduncles |
- ventral surface of midbrain - help refine our movements |
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Cerebral Aqueduct |
- contains cerebrospinal fluid - connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle |
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Corpora Quadrigemina |
- superior and inferior colliculi - Superior colliculi is a reflex center that moves head in response to visual stimulus - inferior colliculi is a reflex center that moves head in response to auditory stimulus |
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Substantia nigra |
- functionally linked to basal nuclei, axons project to globus pallidus - eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning and addiction - has inhibitory effect, cells have melanin pigment |
degenaration leads to Parkinson's disease |
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Red Nucleus |
- subcortical somatic motor center, part of reticular formation, - involved in motor coordination |
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Pons |
- bridge between lobes of cerebellum - controls breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance |
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Cerebellar Peduncles |
- comprised of superior, middle, and inferior peduncles |
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Superior Cerebellar Peduncles |
- tracts that connectect the cerebellum to midbrain to cortex
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Middle Cerebellar Peduncles |
- tracts that connect cortex to pons to cerebellum |
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Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles |
- tracts that bring proprioceptive info from vestibular nuclei & cord longitudinal tracts are motor & sensory tracts - connect medulla oblongata to the cerebellum |
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Cerebellum |
- ensures smooth coordinated body movements - compares motor plan from cortex with sensory input on current movements, equilibrium, and makes adjustments by sending info back to cortex - adjusts posture to maintain equilibrium |
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Vermis |
- middle of cerebellum - receives information from the spinal cord about the sense of touch and proprioception |
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Folia |
- ridges on cerebellum - increase surface area for cortex of gray matter which includes purkinje cells that are the only output neurons of cerebellar cortex |
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Arbor Vitae |
- white matter in cerebellum - brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum |
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Medulla oblongata |
- regulates breathing, heart and blood vessel function - digestion - sneezing and swallowing - includes olives, pyramids, and cranial nerves IX-XII |
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Olives of Medulla Oblongata |
- superior olivary complex - receives auditory input and is involved in the pathways for sound localization |
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dura mater |
- external tough, dense irregular connective tissue layer composed of two fibrous layers - strongest of the meninges |
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Falx Cerebri |
- largest of the four dural septa - sickle shaped vertical fold of dura mater - located in the midsagittal plane and projects into the longitudinal fissure between the left and right cerebral hemispheres |
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Falx Cerebelli |
- sickle shaped vertical partion that dives left and right cerebellar hemispheres |
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Tentorium Cerebelli |
- is horizontally orientated fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum |
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Confluence of Sinuses |
- connecting point of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus and occipital sinus |
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Straight, transverse, and sigmoid sinus |
- straight sinus connects superior and inferior sagittal sinus - transverse sinus runs close to temporal - sigmoid sinus is s-shaped - Drain venous blood within the cranial cavity and deliver it back to the cardiovascular circulation via the internal jugular vein below the jugular foramen |
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Subdural Space |
- located between arachnoid mater and ovverlying dura mater |
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arachnoid mater |
- lies external to the pia mater - composed of delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers |
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Subarachnoid Space |
- Arachnoid trabeculae extend through this space from the arachnoid mater to the underlying pia mater |
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Pia Mater |
- innermost of the cranial meninges - thin layer of areaolar connective tissue that is highly vascularized and tightly adheres to the brain |
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Epidural space |
- lies between the dura mater and the periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebra - houses areolar connective tissue, blodd vessels, and adipose connective tissue |
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Circle of Willis |
- internal carotid arteries - vertebral arteries - basilar artery - anterior cerebral arteries - posterior cerebral arteries - middle cerebral arteries - posterior communicating artery - anterior communicating artery |
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Anterior Communicating artery |
- connects right and left anterior cerebral arteries |
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vertebral artery |
- become the basilar artery |
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Basilar artery |
separates into the posterior cerebral arteries |
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Posterior communicating arteries |
connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the internal carotid artery |
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anterior cerebral arteries |
connected to the internal carotid arteries and connected by the anterior communicating artery |
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Middle cerebral arteries |
come from the carotid arteries, or becomes carotid arteries |
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Anterior Roots |
- arise from rootlets - contains motor axons only |
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posterior root |
- arise from posterior rootlets - contain sensory axons only |
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Posterior Ramus |
- smaller of the two main brances - innervates the deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back |
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anterior ramus |
- larger of the two main branches - innervate the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk, upper and lower limbs |
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Phrenic Nerve |
- located in cervical plexus - travels through the thoracic cavity to innervate the diaphragm |
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Media Nerve |
- located in brachial plexus - innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles, the thenar muscles, and the lateral two lumbricals - receives sensory information from palmar side of thumb-lateral half of the ring finger and from dorsal tip of these same fingers |
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Radial Nerve |
- located in brachial plexus - innervates the posterior arm muscles and the posterior forearm muscles - receives sensory information from the posterior arm and forearm surface and dorsolateral side of the hand |
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Ulnar nerve |
-located in brachial plexus - innervates some of the anterior forearm muscles and intrinsic hand muscles - receives sensation from the skin of the dorsal and palmar aspects of the little finger and medial half of the ring finger |
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Femoral Nerve |
- located in Lumbar plexus - innervates anterior thigh muscles - receives sensory information from the anterior and inferomedial thigh as well as the medial aspect of the leg |
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Sciatic Nerve |
- located in the sacral plexuses - longest and largest nerve in the body - splits into the tibial and common fibular nerve |
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Tibial Nerve |
- anterior division of sciatic nerve - Innervates the posterior muscles of legs like gastrocnemius |
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Common Fibular Nerve |
- posterior division of the sciatic nerve - innervates the short head of the biceps femoris muscle. |
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Terminal Ganglia |
- regulates the overall function of an organ |
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Sympathetic Trunks |
- Lateral to vertebral column, immediate anterior to paired spinal nerves - allows nerve fibers to travel to spinal nerves that are superior and inferior to the one in which they originated |
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Gray Ramus Communicans |
- carry postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerves - are unmyelinated |
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White rami communicantes |
- carry postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve - myelinated |
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