Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
The diff causes and pace of urbanisation in diff parts of the world |
Medcs greater urban population; ledcs (80%> 40%) Diff can be explained by industry ie. One city orientated jobs&other agriculture Ledcs going through rapidly inc. Urbanization Urbanization inc population % in cities and towns Rural:urban migration= movement from rural to urban areas |
|
|
|
Push factor |
A negative aspect that encourages people to leave their current area of residence to move to another Natural disasters: drought: 2010 sahel Famine: darfur, sudan Civil walls: daefur sudan 2003 Poor standard living& education- kenya Unemployment due to new technology; zambia, bangladesh |
|
|
|
Pull factor |
A positive aspect that encourages people to move to a new area of residence Good quality housing; eg. Rocinha Well paid jobs: volkswagon sao paulo Good level of education and medical care; free secondary education within large cities. |
|
|
|
Different functional parts of a settlement |
CBD: shops, offices and major buildings/ high density grid iron road pattern/ modern lux flats and few georgian housing (100-200y/o) eg. Lpool The inner city; high density housing, small factories/roads lead into cbd in radial pattern/ victorian terraced housing; mainly rented (100-150 y/o) eg everton The suburbs; mainly medium density housing, wider roads&parks/medium density roads with cul de sacs/ semi detached houses with front and back garden (70 y/o) eg. Allerton Rural urban fringe; low density housing, many gardens &farmland/low density roads-cul de sacs./ 1-50 y/o semi detached houses eg. Halewood |
|
|
|
Housing-the attempts to satisfy the increased housing needs of the population in diff parts of the city |
•Uk pop growing due to immigration and +life expectancies and is set to reaxh > 70 mill by 2033 (currently > 62 mill) • uk government planning to build 240, 000 new houses until 2016 to supply growing demand. |
|
|
|
Advantages of using brownfield sites |
•Planning permission more easily secured •less derelict sites in city •utilities provided for •Closer to exsisting facilities •cuts commuting |
|
|
|
Advantages of using greenfield sites |
•no need to clear/demolish old buildings •no restrictions for size from exsisting roads •countryside may be appealing • More space for gardens •land can be cheaper |
|
|
|
Impact of government strategies of 1990s on inner city-what they did UDC |
UDC has subgroup MDC-established 1980 to regenerate selection liverpool south docks ¤regenerated albert docks ¤filled in kings dock to build echo arena ¤grants issued small businesses in area (brunswick business park) ¤transformation of industrial wasteland into garden festival 1984 ¤promotion community initiatives eg. Grants toxteth youth centre |
|
|
|
Impact of gov strategies 1990s on inner city- successes UDC |
Success evident through £1bill investment into regeneration hectares of land. 4000 new properties built. 2000 new jobs created. 20km new road. |
|
|
|
Impact of gov strategies 1990s on inner city; failures UDC |
¤<£1 private investment attracted for every £1 spent ¤business forcibly purchased-300 job losses to make room for regeneration ¤garden festival 1984 unsuccessful: derelict land |
|
|
|
City Challenge- what they did |
¤liverpool CC bidding £35 mill grant as part as competition with other local authorities. ¤main goal: achieve partnership between government, private sector and local community to help inner city |
|
|
|
City Challenge: successes |
¤restored london road shopping centre eg. Tj hughes ¤grant to roy castle centre for lung cancer ¤ grant for LIPA ¤new bus terminal (partnership national express) ¤nationally improved ~40, 000 houses&created ~3000 new businesses and ~created 53, 000 jobs |
|
|
|
City challenge- failures |
¤money ran out in 5yrs leaving insufficient time for schemes to be completed ¤ no financial help for areas 1m from CC boundary ¤ money divided equally between authorities irrespective of need |
|
|
|
Traffic-impact of increased use of road transport on environment |
¤rising cost petrol ¤costs to build and maintain roads ¤land used to build roads ¤air pollution-carbon&nitrous oxides ¤rush hours-road accidents ¤respiratory diseases eg. Athsma |
|
|
|
Solutions to help damage of traffic |
¤cycle lanes ¤bike hire schemes ¤upgrading west coast rail line ¤Bus lanes ---------------------------------------------- ¤Hybrid cars ¤cleaner petrol ¤new mersey crossing ------------------------------------------------ ¤Congestion charge-london est.2003 ¤Park &ride schemes ¤new toll roads |
|
|
|
Revitalising image of the CBD by improving physical environment |
Traffic congestion - ~implemation bus lanes e.g dale street &1 way systems e.g castle street to stem traffic. /Inner CBD pedestrianized/ congestion charge. Lack of parking spaces- 10000 more car spaces e.g Q park Derelict buildings- offices converted to lux buildings e.g the albany Unused/derelict land- new offices developed e.g west tower&new flats& apartments built Lack of public open space: new squares&parks developed e.g chavasse park Litter, crime&vandalism- special teams graffiti cleaners, gold zones cleaned twice as often e.g bold streeT/ CCTV installed, alley gates. Poor public transport- new bus terminals created e.g paradise street/ lime street station renovated. Poor quality shops&facilities- grants for refurbishments issued (matthew street) |
|
|
|
Cultural mix-factors causing ethnic segregation within urban areas |
Ethnic groups: groups which posess contrasting cultures and nationalities. ¤ china town, somali settlement toxteth. (more affluent white residents move to suburbs, causing more segregation "white flight") ¤immigrants feel more secure with fellow countrymen ¤freedom of worship ¤economic security ¤language- causes more segregation due to immigrants being unwilling to learn |
|
|
|
Strategies aimed at the supporting of the multicultural nature of many urban areas |
Many of the related events are supported with grants eg africa OYE festival at sefton park ¤access courses available for migrants learning english (Lila) ¤extra learning support migrant children eg st hughes wavertree ¤beauraus and advice centres eg polish advice centre |
|
|
|
Charecteristics of squatter settlements |
Physical charecteristics- buildings built into hillsides to maximise use of space ¤high density communities-little or no roads ¤occasional medium rise building swamped with thousands of homemade shacks-made of scrap woof and corrugated iron ¤water butts common |
|
|
|
Effects on the lives of people in squatter settlements (rochina) |
Hazards- ¤fire& landslides- towns built to close or on cliffs or valleys with no foundation. -overhead electric wires- fire spreads easy. Health- contaminated water sources, chlorelra or typhoid- quarantines impossible Crime rate- high- pickpocket and thieves, drug cartels- police force bribed Housing-poor- buildings made of scrap-built close together-no amenities Education-poor- less than 1% achieve secondary education-low no. Schools and households. Services- poor- no running water, some electricticy- some businesses, banks& 1 newly opened medical clinic treats sick-high demand. Transport- limited- dense environments- residents cant afford or need a car-buses through settlement. Sanitation- bad- sewage runs through open drains- close contact with pedestrians- disease. |
H H C H E S T S |
|
|
Attempts by inhabitants themselves to improve squatter settlements, self help schemes and favela bairro |
¤Poor quality houses- replacing of old wooden houses with brick and tile -introduction of water pipes&electricity ¤hazards- wood removed from building to reduce fires -emergency fire services eg rambo de rocina ¤disease- £2mill invested into improvint sewage systems reducing typhoid-cleaner lagoon lagoa. ¤education- members of community volunteer to share skills in school 'amigos de escuela' -new schools built eg universidade estacio de sa. ¤health care- PAC funded construction of CIAS-24/7 health care unit. ¤crime- favela bairro project-offered oppurtunities to favella dwellers to get jobs in labour market e.g cleaner ¤unemployment- jobs created in informal sector e.g laundry ¤poor leisure- new "sports complex rocina opened as part of PAC ¤image- favela tours for wealthy |
|
|
|
Effects of rapid urbanization and industrialisation in India |
¤Fatal accidents- rapid industrialisation-union carbide pesticide factory Bhopal killed 5, 500 & 50000 blinded/disabled. ¤water pollution- ganges stricken with domestic pollution and cremation. ¤rapid urbanization (mumbai) -10000tonne waste/yr produced by conztruction industry -traffic inc. By 10%/yr -many polluting industries -> 80% energy produced by coal ¤waste disposal (mumai) -deonar recieves 1mill ton waste/yr -urban sprawl-people settle in squalor 'Unoficial slums do not recieve waste collection -23000 tns electronic waste/yr |
|
|
|
Difficulties of disposal of waste, much of which is toxic (mumbai) |
¤population doubled to 18 mill in past 30 yrs ¤3 rapidly filllng landfill sites-far away from city ¤waste removed by kabidawallas ¤wet waste composted for fertilizer ¤biomed waste at deonar from 1200 hospitals ¤biomed waste create dioxins ¤recycle plant @navi mumbai recycles 30 tns/day |
|
|
|
Effects and management of air and water pollution (mumbaii) |
Air- ¤new technology introduced to reduce emissions ¤national solar mission issues grants for inc. Use of solar power ¤proposed carbon tax introduced to reduce usage of coal ¤methane realeased by deonar used to generate energy ¤catalytic converters in vehicles reduce pollutant fumes ¤investment into public transport propised to reduce congestion and pollution ¤congeztion charge proposed Water- Ganga action plan created ¤$1.5 bill is lent to indian govntment. To clean ganges |
|
|
|
Charecteristics of a sustainable city& including local people in decision making process |
Interactive locals - involve people in putting ideas forward so they can assume independance. ¤result: self sustaining environment that cares for people and buildings within. ¤made possible by opinion surveys . Charecteristics- ¤environment not damaged ¤sound economic base ¤recourses allocated fairly ¤jobs secure ¤strong sense security |
|
|
|
Sustainable urban living: Eldonian village |
¤tate&lyle closed 1981 ¤Provided enough space for eldonian village- tight knit community with affordable homes- public have a say in public matters. ¤145 new homes designed with garden layout specifix to requirements of person moving in. ¤150 social rent houses added 1994 97% satisfied with home, 93% with area. |
|
|
|
Sustainablity of eldonian village |
Environmentally; ¤brown field sites used ¤canal restored for wildlife e.g geese ¤interdependantly organized recycle system Financially- ¤houses&businesses self sustaining from revenue generated. Social- ¤community involvement ¤board of volunteers from community makez management decisions. ¤crime- speed bumps and neighbourhood watch.
Energy- ¤site built ~1km from city centre ¤homes fulfil modern energy efficiancy requirements ¤plans drawn over new powerplants |
|
|
|
The importance of conserving historical and natural environment |
Historic environment Liverpool world heritage site- the albert dock. ¤buildings lay derelict until 1980 renovation (mdc) ¤contaminated mud pumped and reinstated water ¤docks include octupi ¤top floor are now desirable aptments. Liver now privately owned&renovated. Picton library recieved 50 mill pound investnent. Natural environment: ¤development on brownfield sites encouraged ¤restrictions on green belts ¤urban sprawl minimised |
|
|
|
The use of brownfield sites |
Brownfield sites adventageous: ¤reduces communting and traffic ¤prevents urban sprawl ¤contaminated buildings removed ¤green space left untouched ¤land cheap to purchase ¤accesible labour pool ¤planning permission more easily obtanible Green field sites: ¤new sites do not need clearint ¤cheaper to prepare ¤Pleasant countryside environment appealing |
|
|
|
Provision of adequate open spaces- |
Open spaces: ¤open spaces in form of parks (sefton) playing fields (wyndcote) gardens (devonfield) allotments (wavertree) ¤liverpool 2nd most listed parks (7) than any city in england (london 1) . ¤sefton and stanley multi million pound renovations- victorian conditions ¤sefton green flag status ¤africa oye- special events |
|
|
|
Reducing and safetly disposing of waste (liverpool) |
¤30mill tns domestic waste/yr UK ¤40% household waste recycled in 2010.
LIVERPOOL- ¤landfill (73% waste here) shortage of available sites ¤incineration (9%) produces toxic fumes ¤ all households in lpool blue bin collected every 2 wks. ¤ compost bins given free of charge ¤ supermarkets give bags 4 life and charge for plastic Bags ¤alotments regenerated to reduce air miles and encourage compostinf and sustainablility ¤bulky bobs recycles furniture |
|
|
|
Reducing the use of fossil fuels |
¤reducing amount of vehicles to lessen fuel demand ¤ improving technology to reduce amount fuel needed to produce sufficient energy ¤using alternative energy sources in combo engines ¤using biofuel for mains electricity ¤ raisinf awareness |
|
|
|
Provision of an efficient public transport system (London) |
Volume of cars is a problem for the city and is a barrier to sustAinablility- congesition chsrge- to create long term solution MASS investment into public transport. Bus improvements: ¤scrapping of bendy buses for safety ¤increased frequency of buses to improve service ¤ buses have CCTV installed ¤shelters added to more stops ¤extended bus lanes |
|
