Kingdom Fungi

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Fungus means one organism in this kingdom

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Fungi means more than one ogranisms in this kingdom

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General Characteristics of Fungi:
1. Eukaryotic
2. Consumer
3. Variety of shapes and sizes.
4. Similar ways of getting food and reproducing.
5. Some are single celled but most are multicellular

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Multicellular fungi are made up of chains of cells called hyphae.

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Hyphae are similar to roots.

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The cell walls of hyphae allow cytoplasm to flow from one cell to the other.

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The cell walls of plant roots do not allow cytoplasm to flow from one cell to the other.

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Hyphae grow together to form a twisted mass called they mycelium.

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The mycelium is the major part of the fungi.

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The mycelium can not be seen because it is underground.

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Fungi get energy as consumers.

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Some fungi are decomposing consumers.

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Some fungi are in symbiotic relationships.

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There are two types of symbiotic relationships fungi have:
1. Mutualism
2. Parasitism

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In mutualism both organisms benefit.

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An example of a mutualism relationship of fungi is fungi living on a plant root.

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In the fungi/plant mutualism relationship, the fungi provides protection from diseases. The fungi breaks down minerals in soil for the plants. The plant provides a home for the fungi.

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Parastism is also considered a consumer.

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Consumers get their energy/food from another organism.

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Decomposers get their energy from dead decaying organisms.

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Decomposers use digestive enzymes to dissolve the dead organism. Once dissolved the hyphae soak up the dissolved parts.

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Fungi reproduce:
1. Sexually
2. Asexually

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Fungi reproduce sexually by special structures joining together to make sex cells.

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In fungi sexual reproduction the sex cells combine to make sexual spores.

The sexual spore grows into a new organism.

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Fungi reproduce asexually in two ways:
1. Hyphae break apart and each part grows a new organism.
2. Spore production.

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Spores are small reproductive cells protected by a thick cell wall.

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Asexual spores are produced by just one parent.

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There are four kinds of fungus:
1. Threadlike
2. Sac
3. Club
4. Imperfect

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Fungus are placed into these groups based on their shapes and how they reproduce.

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Placing organisms into groups is called classifying.

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Threadlike Fungi Charasteristics:
1. Molds
2. Mostly live in soil
3. Usually decomposers
4. Reproduce Sexually and Asexually.

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Threadlike fungi reproduce sexually by two hyphae from different fungi joining and developing a special sporangia.

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Sporangia are stalk like structures with a knob on top.

The knob holds the spores.

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The sporangia can survive in harsh conditions like the temperature being too hot or no rain.

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Fungi reproduce asexually by extensions of hyphae growing into the air and forming sporangia.

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Molds are shapeless and fuzzy.

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Sac Fungi Characteristics
1. Largest group
2. Most are multicellular
3. Usually go through both asexual and sexual reproduction in one life cycle.

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Sac Fungi includes:
Yeasts
Powdery Mildew
Truffles
Morels
and more

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Sac fungi sexual reproduction involves forming of an ascus.

Ascus means sac.

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Spores develop in the ascus of Sac Fungi

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Yeasts is different from most sac fungi.
1. Unicellular
2. Reproduce asexually by budding.

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Budding happens when a cell pinches off and creates a new organism.

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Yeast is the only fungi that reproduces by budding.

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Some sac fungi are useful to humans.

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They are useful in the following ways:
1. Yeasts makes bread.
2. Antibiotics
3. Vitamins
4. Food (edible truffles and morels)

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Some sac fungi are parasites

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Sac fungi are parasitic in the following ways:
1. Plant diseases

Examples: chestnut blight and dutch elm disease

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Parasitic sac fungi can harm the ecosystem by destroying plants.

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Club Fungi Characteristics
1. Umbrella shape
2. Most commonly known
3. Most familiar mushrooms are gill mushrooms.

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Club fungi reproduce sexually by hyphae developing and producing the club like structure.

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The club like structure is called basidia.

Basidia is a greek word for club.

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Spores develop inside the basidia.

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In gill mushrooms the spores develop in the grooves/gills under the cap.

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Not all mushrooms are edible.

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Some mushrooms are poisonous!

Example: White Destroying Angel

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Other types of club fungi are:
1. Bracket
2. puffballs
3. Smuts
4. Rusts

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Brackets grow on trees like shelves.

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Smuts and Rusts are plant parasites that attack crops like wheat and corn.

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Imperfect Fungi Characteristics:
1. All species that do not fit into other groups.
2. Do not reproduce sexually at all.
3. Most are parasites.
4. Some are useful.

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Examples of parasites (harmful to animals and plants) are:
1. Fungi causing athlete's foot.
2. Fungi producing Aflatoxins.

Aflatoxins can cause cancer!

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Examples of useful imperfect fungi are:
1. Penicillium (fungus that makes penicillun(
2. Others producing medicines.
3. Food (cheese, soy sauce, citric acid in colas)

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Lichens are different!

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Lichens are different because they are fungus and alga intertwined together.

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Lichens have a symbiotic relationship that is mutualism.

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Fungus protects the alga in the lichen.

The alga would dry out without the fungus.

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Alga makes the food through photosynthesis in the Lichen.

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Lichens grow in almost any terrestrial biome.

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A terrestrial biome is a land biome like a forest.

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Lichens need only air, sunlight and minerals to live.

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Lichens absorb water and minerals from the air.

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Because they do not need much to live, Lichens can grow on rocks.

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The acid in the fungus makes the rock crack.

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Bits of rock and dead lichen fall in the cracks and creates soil.

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New organisms can now grow inbetween the rocks in the new soil.

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Lichens are usually the first species to grow in a new area. But they are easily affected by pollution.

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