Joints

Front 1

Name and describe the three structural classifications of joints.

Back 1

Fibrous - close contact of bones; attatched by thin bands of dense fibrous CT, no joint cavity, morst are immovable/slightly movable; (suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis)
Cartilaginous - connecting material either hyaline cartilage or birocartoage
Synovial - joint cavity w/synovial fluid
lots of movement/freely movable, diarthrosis

Front 2

Name and describe the three functional classifications of joints.

Back 2

Synarthrosis - immovaboe; sutures of skull
Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable; b/w 2 vertebrae
Diarthrosis - freely movable; knee, hip, elbow, etc

Front 3

Name and describe the three types of fibrous joints.

Back 3

Suture - b/w skull bones; short collagen fivers, continuous w/ periosteum of bones; jagged edges; immovable
Syndesmosis - articulating bones connected by fibrous CT; band = ligament of dense regular CT, sheet = interosseus membrane
Gomphosis - b/w teeth and maxilla/mandible; tooth fits in aveolar socket; peridontal ligament very short inn healthy mouth; peridontal disease = they lengthen

Front 4

Give an example of each of the three types of fibrous joints.

Back 4

Suture - on head; fintanel just has fibrous membrane,becomes ossified; synotosis - frontal suture completely ossifies/disappears
Syndesmosis - ligament, interosseus membrane
Gomphosis - periodontal ligament b/w teeth and jaw

Front 5

Name and describe the two types of cartilaginous joints. Give an example of each.

Back 5

Synchondrosis - bones connected by hyaline cart.; temp. joining mechanism; epiphyseal plates; between sternum/manubrium and clavicle/ribs
Symphysis - articular surfaces covered in hyaline, which is fused to fibrocartilage disc b/w joints; pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs; shock absorbing; lots of strength; amphiarthrosis

Front 6

Compare and contrast osteoarthrisis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and gouty arthritis.

Back 6

OA - most common; old/women, wear and tear, articular cartilage eroded, bone rubs bone and thickens into bony spurs; crepitous = crunching sounds
RA - chronic inflammation; autoimmune disease; triggered by infection; more women; painful/swelling/tender; synovial membrane thickents, more fluid, starts sticking to and erroding bone; imovable joint of scar tissue
Gouty - more men; uric acid accumulates inblood from nucleic acid met.; forms crystals in joints; limit protein and alcohol consumption

Front 7

What is the functional difference b/w uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial joints?

Back 7

Nonaxial - sliding of bones past eachother
Uniaxial - one axis,
Biaxial
Triaxial/multiaxial - least stable, most mobile

Front 8

Identify and describe the six types of synovial joint.

Back 8

Planar - flat articular surfaces; slipping b/w adjacent bones; non-axial
Hinge - concave surface fits into convex surface; move in only one plane; plexion, extension, hyperextension
Pivot - round bone articuates with ring; monoaxial
Concyloid/ellipsoid - oval concave and convex shape; biaxial
Saddle - each has convex and concave; biaxial
Ball and socket joints - triaxial

Front 9

Give an example of each of the six types of synovial joints.

Back 9

Planar - sacroilliac joints, acromioclavicular, claviculosternal, b/w vertebrae and ribs
Hinge - tibia and tallus; ankle, knee, elbow
Pivot - proximal radioulnar joint; atlas and axis
Condyloid/ellipsoid - radiocarpal joint; metatarsophalangeal joints 2-5
Saddle - 1st carpometacarpal joint (opposition of thumbs)
Ball and socket - shoulder, hip,

Front 10

Identify and describe the three general types of movements possible at a synovial joint. Demonstrate each of the movements using a pen and paper.

Back 10

Gliding - simplest; 2 flat surfaces slide past eachother; slight (intercarpal, intertarsal, articular facets of ribs)
Angular - angle b/w joints changes, in any plante; dorsiflexion, plantar flexion etc
Rotation - a bone turns around its long axis; on vertebrae left/right, on appendages medial/lateral (neck, radioulnar joints)

Front 11

How are joint stability and range of notion related?

Back 11

The greater the stability, the smaller the range of motion.

Front 12

What factors influence the stability and movement capability (ROM) of a synovial joint?

Back 12

- Can't be both highly movile and stable
- Degree of muscle tone
- Length + tightness of ligaments
- Presence of other bones, fat pads + fat
- Bone types
- Arrangements of muscles around a joint

Front 13

What structures and materials protect the bones in the articulation of a synovial joint?

Back 13

Articular cartilage; hyaline cart.; shock and friction decrease; no perichondrium
Joint cavity - filled w/synnovial fluid which lubricates
Articular capsule - encolses joint cavity; fibrous capsule of denss irregular CT to withstand pulling; synovial membrane areolar CT and elastic tissues cover surfaces and secrete fluid
Fat pads - in synovial mem. absorb shock
Articular discs (menisci) - separate articulating surfaces

Front 14

Describe the structure and function of bursae and tendon sheaths.

Back 14

Bursa - flattened sac of fibrous membrane; lined w/synovial membrane; cushons soft tissues when the rub against bone
Tendon sheath - cylindar wraps around tendon; same as bursa, but protects muscle tendon where it rubs; intertubercular sulcus

Front 15

Identify and describe the various types of ligaments associated with synovial joints. Give an example of each.

Back 15

All dense regular CT
Intrinsic/capsular - thickened parts of joint capsule (corecohumeral + glenohumeral ligaments)
Accessory ligaments - next 2
Extracapsular - outside of joint capsule; (fibular and tibular collateral ligaments of knee)
Intracapsular - deep to joint capsule; covered by synovial membrane (cruciate ligaments of knee)

Front 16

Describe the location and general composition of each of the structures found in a typical synovial joint.

Back 16

Articular cart - thin layer hyaline cart., no perichondrium
Fibrous capsule - outer layer of articular cap.; dense irregular CT; continuous with periosteum
Synovial membrane - inner part of articular cap.; areolar CT + elastic tissues; covers all surfaces in joint capsule, except what is covered by articular cart.
Synovial fluid - viscous; secreted by syn. membrane by filtrating capillaries and secreting; thinner when warmer
Ligaments - bands; dense regular CT; connected to bones @ e. end; lots of tensile strength
Articular discs/menisci - fibrocartilege pads in joint cavity; ancored to articular cap.; wedge into synovial cavity

Front 17

Describe the general function of each of the structures found in a typical synovial joint.

Back 17

Articular cart. - shock absorber, less friction b/w articulating bones
Fibrous capsule - prevent dislocation; withstand pulling in many directions
Synovial membrane - secretes synovial fluid into joint cavity; covers surfaces inside joint capsule not already covered by art. cart.
Synovial fluid - lubricates; supplies nutrients/O2 to articular cartillage in sponge like fashion; remove metabolic wastes; macrophages
Ligaments - connect to bones; tensile strength
Articular discs - improve bone stability when shapes aren't complementary; channel flow of synnovial fluid

Front 18

Bursitis

Back 18

inflammation of a bursa b/c of repetitive motion, trauma, infection ,external pressure; bunyons

Front 19

Tendinitis

Back 19

Inflamation of tendon sheaths, tendons, synovial membrane; wrists, shoulders, tennis elbown, ankles

Front 20

Sprain

Back 20

ligament damage - repair is slow
NOT strain - damage to muscle/tendon