Japan Unit Test

Front 1

How can autonomy prevent progress?

Back 1

It prevents progress by...
- no trade with other countries
- no outside ideas and culture
- weak army
- limited resources
- rigid class structure and government

Front 2

How does interaction promote progress?

Back 2

it promotes progress by...
- involving in trade with outside land (broadening the horizons for resources & bringing money into the country)
- new ideas and culture (makes place culturally diverse
- strengthens army with new weapons and army tactics
- more social mobility
- new government/ government ideas

Front 3

Was the Japanese Industrial Revolution a blessing or a curse?

Back 3

BLESSING!
- made the country more wealthy
- brought in new materials, as well as exported their surplus materials
- engaged in trade
- new ideas/ cultures/ traditions
- strong army! new weapons and army tactics
- social mobility (ex: merchants went up on social pyramid because of the increased trade and economy)
- surplus of goods --> population boom
- heavy and light industries to fund army
- democracy: the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

Front 4

Be able to locate these on a map!

Back 4

Sea of Japan, Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Nagasaki, Hokkaido, Honshu, Russia, China, Korea, and Pacific Ocean

SEE MAP

Front 5

What are the social classes (in order)?
What are their role?
What are their relationships with each other?

Back 5

1. Emperor-- The Emperor technically was the topmost position in Japanese society, but usually the Emperor was not actually in control of the country; rather it was the person who was Shogun who basically ran everything. The Emperor was kept under constant surveillance with their movements kept quite limited.

2. Shogun-- The Shogun technically was the second most powerful person in the country but actually was the one to hold the real power.

3. Daimyo-- There were 250 han, or clan domains, into which the country was divided. The fudai composed the "inner" group which had proclaimed their allegiance to the Tokugawa shogunate before the battle of Sekigahara, and the tozama or "outer" group which proclaimed their allegiance after that battle.
Since they were late to support the Shoguns then the tozama were not allowed to take part in the government. Their lands were kept to the far north and west. The lands closest to Edo were reserved for the fudai. The Shogun himself owned around 25% of all cultivated land and was also in control of communication routes, port facilities and metal supplies.
To qualify for daimyo status a feudal lord had to control enough land to produce annually a yield of 10,000 koku of rice. One koku was the amount of rice necessary to feed one adult male for one year.
The daimyo were kept somewhat under control via the Shogun's system of spies and intrigues. In addition, each daimyo was required to spend part of the year in Edo "attending" the Shogun. Basically this was a system of controlled hostages and at the same time put a financial strain on the daimyo who had to pay for their homes and all their retainers.

4. Samurai-- The samurai were in the employ of the daimyo. They were fairly limited to the amount of money they could have, helping to keep them under the daimyo's thumbs. They were also expected to serve their lords faithfully and even sacrifice their lives if necessary.

The samurai were also allowed to kill anyone they considered inferior to them. Thus, if a peasant happened to hurls verbal insults at a samurai, the samurai could turn around and behead the peasant without any fear of reprisal from the authorities.

5. Farmers-- Farmers made up about 80% of the population of the country but were forbidden to have weapons. They were totally dependent upon their harvest; a year of bad harvest could result in starvation and the killing of female infants, called mabiki or "weeding out the rice seedlings."

6. Craftsmen-- People who lived in the towns that developed did not grow their own food, thus placing them below farmers in the social status. Swordsmiths were considered at the top of this group of people.

7. Merchants-- Although there were almost at the bottom of the social order they managed to control much of the financial power.

Front 6

Under Feudalism, who had the most power? The Least power?
How did the Tokugawa shogun change the social climate of Japan?

Back 6

Most= Shogun
Least= Merchants
YES-- merchants gained power because of the increased trade and goods

Front 7

Ieyasu Tokugawa

Back 7

- Eldest son of Matsudaria Hirotada, daimyo (Lord) of a castle
- Upon defeat of the Hojo of Odowara in 1590 received land and set up an administration around Edo
- Appointed regent to Hideyoshi's son who he eventually killed in 1615
- Emerged as new military leader of Japan
- Made Shogun in 1603
- Passed his Shogunate onto his son establishing the Tokugawa succession
- Founded the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan until 1868
- Established trade monopolies that eventually led Japan into almost total isolation

Front 8

Policy of isolation during Tokugawa era

Back 8

- said that nothing could be imported from overseas
- had to use all their own resources

Front 9

Merchant Class changes

Back 9

- merchant class became more powerful during the Meiji restoration because of the increase in trade (the towns and empires were more dependent on them)

Front 10

Samurai Culture; samurai values, clothing, Code of the Bushido “Way of the Warrior”

Back 10

- VERY loyal
- would kill themselves in battle if they were about to be killed (they would stab themselves in the stomach and then their friend would cut off their head)
- wore elaborate clothing/ but not as protective as Europe's knights'

Front 11

How was Japanese society structure (1100s -1600) during FEUDALISM: a social, political, and economic system based upon personal loyalties, class distinctions, and the granting of land rights?

Back 11

* Daimyos were the land controlling powers. Had samurai to guard their realms. Samurai bound by honor and oath to their lords. Protected the peasants inhabiting the daimyo's lands.
* Samurai, which means "to serve," followed the code of Bushido, a code of honor. Honor was everything. If a samurai faced a shameful defeat, then he would commit seppuku, a suicide ritual of disembowelment.
* Peasants on land protected by samurai, gave tribute to daimyos, which was most of their crops.
* Territorial disputes were the main causes of war among battling lords, but many other motives played out to result in war.
* No particular political system, merely uneasy truces between lords.

Front 12

Why did Japan end its period of isolation?

Back 12

Japan ended its period of isolationism...
- FORCE (gunboat diplomacy)
- but it ended up helping them!

Front 13

Commodore Perry

Back 13

Matthew Calbraith-- Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854.

Front 14

Gunboat Diplomacy

Back 14

power politics: diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives
* used by commodore perry to gain the decision to modernize from Japan

Front 15

Treaty of Kanagawa

Back 15

On March 31, 1854, the Convention of Kanagawa or Kanagawa Treaty was concluded between Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the U.S. Navy and the Empire of Japan. The treaty opened the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to United States trade, guaranteed the safety of shipwrecked U.S. sailors and established a permanent consul. This was an unequal treaty imposed on Japan by the superior strength of Perry's fleet. However, the arrival of the fleet would trigger the end of Japan's 300 year policy of seclusion (Sakoku)

Front 16

Why is the Meiji Restoration significant in Japanese and world history?

Back 16

- Japan modernized, opening ports to other countries and becoming involved in global affairs

Front 17

Concept of Forced Change

Back 17

SEE GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY

Front 18

New Class System: Role of Emperor, commoners, Samurai

Back 18

- more social mobility (people could pick their class and job)
- emperor now had a diet (like the legislature in US congress)
- diet made up of house of nobles and the lower house which was elected
- some samurai embraced change but some revolted and tried to overthrow the government

Front 19

Charter Oath

Back 19

The Charter Oath was promulgated at the enthronement of Emperor Meiji of Japan on 7 April 1868.The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization. It remained influential, if less for governing than inspiring, throughout the Meiji era and into the twentieth century, and can be considered the first constitution of modern Japan.

STATED...
- Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion.
- All classes, high and mighty, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.
- The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.
- Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature.
- Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.

Front 20

New Meiji Constitution

Back 20

The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國憲法 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国憲法, Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kenpō?), more commonly known as the Imperial or Meiji Constitution, was the fundamental law of the Empire of Japan from 29 November 1890 until 2 May 1947.

Front 21

DIET

Back 21

The National Diet of Japan is Japan's bicameral legislature.
- composed of a house of nobles and a lower house

Front 22

Light Industry

Back 22

- textiles, food products, etc
- financed the heavy industry

Front 23

Heavy Industry

Back 23

- machinery, metals, etc
- financed by the light industries

Front 24

New Technology

Back 24

-steam engine
-steam ships
-trains
-american clothing
-modern carriages and transportation
-new building techniques
-telephone lines
-umbrellas
-roads
-telegraph

Front 25

Zaibatsu

Back 25

wealthy Japanese families who own large businesses and dominate the economy

Front 26

How did Japan reach its goals of prosperity and strength: “rich country, strong army”?

Back 26

see 'how does interaction promote progress?' flashcard!

Front 27

Population Boom

Back 27

From the eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth century, Japan's population remained steady at about 30 million. However, following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, it began expanding in tandem with the drive to build a modern nation-state. In 1926, it reached 60 million, and in 1967, it surpassed the 100 million mark.

Front 28

Japanese Imperialism

Back 28

Japanese expansion in early 20th century:

* Expansion into Hokkaido in the Meiji era and cultural assimilation of the Ainu (287), converting them from hunter-gatherers into agriculturalists.
* Opening up Korea's ports for Japanese trade (289) and extraterritoriality for Japan. (in reaction to Korea's initial refusal to accede to the new Meiji government).
* Subduing the Rhyukyuans (1879).
* Expansion into China.

Explanation of expansion:

* Korea: raw materials, farmland, and security.
* China: raw materials, market, farmland.
* Hokkaido: farmland, lumber, other resources.
* Okinawa: resources and security.

Front 29

Sino-Japanese War

Back 29

-war between china and japan
-conflict over Korea
-1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895
-Japanese victory and a significant loss of prestige for the Qing. Korea becomes independent from Qing China.
-japan wins

Front 30

Russo-Japanese War

Back 30

-between russia and japan
-8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905
-fighting over territory and fishing rights
-Manchuria, Yellow Sea (took place here)
-Japanese victory; Treaty of Portsmouth (Theodore Roosevelt)