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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The radiographic equivalents Factor allows an operator to make exposure corrections for variations in ________ and ________when other factors are constant. |
Materials and alloys |
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Double sided film provides -increased ______ -decreased ________ ________ -increased _________ compared to single side film |
-Increase sensitivity -decreased exposure time -increase contrast |
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The image outline and desired hole of the IQI on the radiograph is permanent evidence that the radiograph examination achieved the specific ___________. |
Sensitivity |
The IQI is designed to determine the radiographic quality level usually referred to as....... |
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Whenever possible penetrameter placement is on the _____ side of the specimen. |
Source |
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High radiographic contrast may be seen on low contrast film if? |
Subject contrast is high |
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An Exposure chart gives exposure conditions to produce certain a density. If you need to shoot for another density you can calculate this from? |
Film characteristic curve |
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List the three types of Transformers required in x-ray equipment. |
-Step down (Filament) -Step up (High voltage) -Autotransformer |
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Radiographic sensitivity depends on? - - |
-Specimen contrast -Radiographic contrast |
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Subject contrast is affected by? - - - |
-Thickness difference in specimen -Radiation quality -Scattered radiation |
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The first detectable clinical effects of ionizing radiation would not be seen until exposures of about? |
300 mGy (300mSv) = (30,000 mR) |
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Survey meter shall have a range of _____ through _____? |
2 mR to 1 R 0.02 mSv to .01Sv |
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Define film contrast |
The ability of film to detect and record different radiation exposures as differences in density is called film contrast. |
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Radiographic definition depends on what three factors? |
-Geometry of the radiographic setup -Film type -Radiation quality |
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The energy required to remove a particle from the nucleus of an atom is called? |
Binding energy |
_______ Energy? |
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The anode is the ______ charged electrode? |
Positive |
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The adjustment of tube current in conventional x-ray tube circuits is made by? |
Adjusting the filament heating current |
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What is a sign that you have achieved radiographic definition when using a plaque type penetrameter? |
You can see at least three sides of the penetrameter. |
Radiographic definition = radiographic sensitivity |
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Fluorescent screens used in film radiography utilize chemicals on the screen surface that are _______, _______ and ________. |
-Phosphorescent -Luminescent -Fluorescent |
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Define radiographic latitude |
Range of thickness of material that can be recorded on film. |
Kv goes up = Latitude goes up = Contrast goes down |
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When viewing film the lighting in the room should be _______? |
Subdued |
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One method of increasing radiographic contrast with an Xray tube is? |
Decrease the wavelength of the radiation used. (Decrease Kv) |
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After fixing, each film is washed for a period of time equal to ______ the fixing time. |
Double |
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For practical purposes the shape of the characteristic curve of an xray film is? |
Independent of the quality of radiation |
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The value of 1 Gy can be given in what measurement of energy? |
1 joule/Kg |
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Stochastic |
Occurs by chance, often shows up years later. (Chronic effects) |
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Pocket dosimeters and electronic personal dosimeters shall be capable of measuring exposures from _______ to _______? |
0 to 200 mR 0 to 2 mSv |
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The degree of graininess of an exposed film depends on what 4 factors? |
-Grain size -Quality of radiation - Film processing conditions -Type of film screens |
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The quantity of radiation striking a unit area of film is? |
The product of radiation intensity and time. |
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Good radiographic contrast is achieved with the proper? - - - |
-Radiation quality -Processing -Density |
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If film sticks together or to the tank wall during processing the result will be? |
Clear patches |
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The unit of absorbed dose in SI system is called the _______? |
Gray |
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The part of the cathode that directs electrons in a path toward the target is called? |
Focusing Cup |
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Non metallic weld inclusions are generally termed? |
Slag |
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A positive or negative charge is placed on the cathode? |
Negative |
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Images of discontinuities close to the source side of the specimen become less clearly defined as? |
The thickness of the specimen increases |
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Most thermo-luminescence dosimeters use _______ _______ crystals. |
Lithium fluoride |
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If the tube current is doubled the X-radiation emitted will also be doubled? True or False? |
True |
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The _______ is a tungsten wire coil that with current applied gets very hot and serves as an electron source. |
Filament |
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Using a filter on an xray tube beam hardens or softens the X-radiation? |
Hardens |
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A film permitting 1% of the incident light would have a density of? |
2.0 |
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With regards to the biological effects of ionizing radiation the term direct effect indicates? |
DNA was ionized |
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What is the annual maximum permissible dose in REM and Sieverts? |
5 REM = 0.05 Sv |
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If an inadequate supply of metal due to low heat or current occurs during the root pass of a weld the result could be? |
Incomplete penetration |
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Dark Crescent shapes on a processed radiograph are a result of? |
Bending or crimping the film after exposure |
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The sharpness of a radiographic image outline. ie: the abruptness of density transition is termed radiographic _______? |
Definition |
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Radiographic contrast is defined as? |
-The difference in density between two selected portions -It is a combination of subject contrast and film contrast. |
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Current flow through the tube is controlled by the current applied to the filament? True or False? |
True |
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Radiographic contrast is the some of ________ and _______? |
Film contrast & Subject contrast |
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100 Rad = ____ Gy |
1 |
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The step down transformer is also called the __________ transformer? |
Filament |
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What are two common filters used in conjunction with x-ray tubes? |
Copper, Beryllium |
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Convert 3000 mGy into Severts. |
3 sV |
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When producing radiographs, if the Kv is increased the subject contrast __________? |
Decreases |
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Radiation Energy
Higher Kv = more or less latitude = higher or lower contrast |
Higher Kv = more latitude = lower contrast |
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Smallest detail that can be seen on a radiograph is generally defined as? |
Sensitivity |
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The kilovoltage applied to an x-ray tube affects? -Quality of beam or -Penetrating ability of beam |
Both |
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The step-up transformer is also called the _________ voltage transformer. |
High |
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X-ray tubes are cooled with. -________ -________ -________ |
-Water -Air -Oil |
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What is graininess? |
The visible evidence of the grouping into clumps of the minut silver particles. |
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Developing is the chemical process of reducing silver bromide particles in the exposed area of the film emultion to metallic __________? |
Silver |
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What is the minimum time required for fixing? |
3 minutes minimum or 2 to 3 times the films clearing time.(not to exceed 15mins) |
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The severity of wormhole porosity or Hollow bead is usually determined by _________ and _________? |
Amount and Length |
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What is the Umbra |
The visible image on the radiograph (darkest part of the shadow) |
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The width of the penumbral shadow is defined in radiographic images as? |
Geometrical unsharpness |
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All other factors being equal, if an x-ray tube is operated at 3mA for an exposure than at 6mA for another, the beam of the second exposure will be ________ the intensity |
Double |
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How much money am I going to make when this is all over? |
lots and lots! |
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