Introduction To Livestock And Poultry Building (Introductory)

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To Convert the energy in feeds into products that can be utilized by human beings

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The Main purpose of Livestock Production

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Traditional, extensive livestock production

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includes Indigenous breeds and Low-cost feeding will usually have a low performance and can therefore only justify minimal, if any, expenditurr for housing

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Improved breeds

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if management and feeding are available,it will usually be economicaly beneficial to increase the production intensity

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Environmental control

Reduced waste of purchased feedstuff

better control of diseases and parasites

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Construction of building and other livestock structures provides

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Every facet of the design including production system, equipment, building materials, layout and Location

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will play a part indetermining the profitability of production

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generally increases with the intensity of production and the degree of confinement

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The importance of Animal behavior aspects in the design of animal housing facilities

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Animals that can exercise their natural species-specific movements and behavior patterns

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are less likely to be stressed or injured and will therefore be more productive

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other factors, such as feeding, management, thermal environment, construction and economics

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can be equally or even more important in building design

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Extensive Farming

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uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed

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Extensive Farming

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All animal production adapted to the existing environment

Survival emphasized rather than productivity

Modest to considerable human activity

No or very few purchased inputs

Animals fed near or only marginally above maintenance requirements for almest their entire lives

Animal products available only during certain seasons

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Intensive Farming

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higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area

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Intensive Farming

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Animals' environment modified to suit highly specialized genotypes and production systems

Productivity emphasize

High energy subsidy

Animals fed considerably above maintenance for almost all of their productive lives

Usually low labor- high automation

Seasonal or total confinement

Cereals grown specifically for livestock feed

Disease prevention emphasized

Animal products available throughout the year

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Farm Structures

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different types of physical constructions that are put up in a farm the purpose of livestock and crop production

help increase efficiency of agricultural production, e.g

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Animals

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must be protected from rain, wind or high sunlight intensity in order to keep healthy

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harvested crops

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must be protected help increase efficiency of agricultural production from water, insects, fungi and extremes of temperature

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farm machinery

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must be protected from rain and dirt to k depreciation level to a minimum

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Behavior Pattern

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behavior variation within a species is caused mainly by differences in the environment and between the sexes, breed, strain and individual variance also have an influence

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Social rank Order

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physical age and weight are the main factors determining social rank, sex, height and breed can also be an influence

usually fight to establish dominant/subordinate relationships

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Cattle

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normally live in herds but, when giving birth, cows attempt to find a quiet, sheltered place away from the disturbance of other cows and humans

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hens

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spend considerable time in the selection of a nest, which on the ground (nesting is characterized by secrecy and careful concealment)

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SOWS

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are nest-builders and should be transferred to clean farrowing pens one to two weeks before giving birth, and give some bedding with which they can build a nest

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Estrus, especially in Gilts

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is increased by the smell, sight and physical presence of a boar

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Cattle

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prefer to be able to see while drinking feeding (cattle and hen) is typically a group activity, therefore space at the feed trough must be provided for all the animals at one time

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trough

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to prevent wasting feed, a ________ should be designed to suit the particular behavior pattern that each species exhibits while feeding

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Artificially reared calves

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bunt the bucket instead of the cow's udder, and this requires a sturdy holder for the bucket

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sheep

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are vigilant and tight-flocking, and respond to disturbances by fleeing

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Sheep

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move best from dark into light areas and dislike reflections, abrupt changes in light contrast and light shining through slats, grates or holes

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Heat Regulation

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Balancing Internal heat reduction and heat loss to the environment

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hypothalamus

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acts as a body thermostat by stimulating mechanisms to counteract either high or low ambient temperatures

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increased conversion of feed-to-heat energy

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is used to counteract low ambient temperatures, while increased respiration (rate and volume) and blood circulation in the sln counteracts high ambient temperatures

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animals reduce their level of activity in a hot environment

pigs lie clustered in a heap at low temperatures, while they lie spread out with extended limbs at high temperatures

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varying the temperature also results in changed behavior, E.G.

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high-yielding animals

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are consequently more likely to suffer from heat stress in a hot climate than low-yielding ones

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Heat Regulation feeding fiber-rich, low-digestible feedstuffs, such as hay,

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will result in high heat-production because of increased muscular activity in the alimentary tract and, in ruminants, increased micro-organism activity in the rumen

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surplus of heat

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is conducted to the skin surface where it is transferred to the atmosphere as sensible heat by means of convection, conduction and radiation, and as latent heat through the evaporation of moisture from the lungs and skin.

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Sensible heat

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no change in phase

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Latent heat

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change in phase

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Latent heat

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change in phase

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decrease the amount of heat that can be emitted as sensible heat, Instead, a larger proportion is given off as latent heat, that is to say, heat employed to vaporize moisture

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Increasing the ambient temperature, resulting in a smaller temperature difference between the body surface and the air, will ______________

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heat and moisture produced by the animals confined in a structure

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must be removed by ventilation

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open-sided structures

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in the tropics, sufficient air flow is usually provided by the use of

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the minimum ventilation rate

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should remove the moisture produced, but retain as much sensible heat as possible duc cold periods

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Tempreature too high

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Chicks make no noise

Chicks Pant, Heas and wings droop

Chicks away from the brooder

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Temperature correct

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Chicks evenly spread

Nòise level signifies confinement

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Temperature too low

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Chicks crowd to brooder

Chicks Noisy, distress calling

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Draught

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The distribution requires investigation

Influenced by draught- uneven light distribution- external noises

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temperature

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overriding environmental factor affecting the physiological functions of domestic animals is

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Comfort zone

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a mean daily temperature in the range 10-20 C

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physical means

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the animal's heat exchange can be regulated solely by

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physical means

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the animal's heat exchange can be regulated solely by

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the upper and lower critical temperatures

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at _________________ , physical regulation will not be sufficient to maintain a constant body temperature and the animal must, in addition, decrease or increase its metabolic heat production.

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very young animal

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is much more sensitive to its thermal environment and requires higher temperatures

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very young animal

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is much more sensitive to its thermal environment and requires higher temperatures

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poultry

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do not have sweat glands

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horse, donkey, cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep and pig

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varying abilities to sweat and, in descending order

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evaporation; ability of the air to absorb additional moisture

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in a hot, dry climate, ___________ is rapid but, in a hot humid climate,

the ______________ is limited and inadequate cooling may result in heat stress

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excessively low humidity in the air;

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______________ will cause iritation of the mucous membranes

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excessively high humidity

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______________ may promote the growth of fungus infections and also contribute to decay in structures.

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40 percent to 80 percent

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If possible, keep the relative humidity in the range of

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40 percent to 80 percent

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If possible, keep the relative humidity in the range of

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direct solar radiation and radiation reflected from clouds or the ground

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heat load on a grazing animal can be increased considerably by

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absorb less radiant energy; penetrates

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white hair coat will ______________ than a dark one, but the heat ___________ deeper into a white, loose coat.

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heat gain by radiation

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can be effectively reduced by the provision of a shaded area

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less radiation

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grass-covered ground in the surroundings of the shade will reflect ________________ than bare soil

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Air movements

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assist heat loss by evaporation and by conduction/convection, as long as the air temperature is lower than the skin temperature

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air movements

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are required to remove noxious and toxic gases and to supply the animal with fresh air for breathing

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0.2 m/s

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wind velocity of _______ is generally regarded as a minimum requirement, but it can be increased to 1.0 m/s

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Precipitation

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heavy rain may penetrate the fur of an animal and decrease its insulation value. In such circumstances, a strong wind can lead to excessive cooling.

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a naturally greasy hair coat

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will resist water penetration and with the provision of a shelter for the animals the problem may be avoided altogether

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Dairy cattle

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show a reduced feed intake under heat stress resulting in lower milk production and reduced growth.

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Dairy cattle

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show a reduced feed intake under heat stress resulting in lower milk production and reduced growth.

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(4 °C to 24 °C)

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Bos taurus

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(15-27 °C)

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Bos indicus

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Beef cattle

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make their best weight gains at temperatures below 25 °C. They can easily tolerate temperatures below 0 °C if they have a good supply of feed.

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Pigs

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require a change in ambient temperature as they age and grow and show a decreased feed intake when under heat stress

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piglets

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survive and develop best at 30-32°C initially, followed by a gradual reduction to 20 °C over the first three weeks

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a feeder pigs (weighing 30-65 kg)

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make good gains in the temperature range 10-25°C, with 24 °C reported to be optimum.

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15°C

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the optimal ambient temperature for pigs weighing 75-12 is

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15°C

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the optimal ambient temperature for pigs weighing 75-12 is

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Sheep

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can tolerate a wide range of temperatures but should be protected from wind and rain

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reproduction

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a long period of high ambient temperatures inhibits __________

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heat stress

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also reduces the lambing percentage, decreases the incidence of twinning, and decreases the birth weight of lambs

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7°C

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when temperatures are below ______ at breeding time, ewes show improved reproductive efficiency

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Goats

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are affected by temperature, humidity and rain

in hot, goats need shelter from intense heat during the day

in humid areas, they need protection from prolonged heavy rain

excessive wetting from rain can cause pneumonia and an increase in parasitic infestation

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chicks

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should be started at 35C; as from one week, the temperature is reduced gradually to 24°C by the 5th week

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Broilers and young turkeys

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reared at ambient temperatures below 18°C are heavier than similar stock reared within the 18- 35°C range, but their feed conversion efficiency will be lower

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laying birds

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produce the greatest number of eggs and the largest-sized eggs at 13-24 C the best feed conversion efficiency is achieved between 21 and 24 °C

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21°C and 24°C

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The best feeding conversion efficiency is achieved between