Intro To Soc Final

Front 1

bilateral descent

Back 1

a kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important

Front 2

egalitarian family

Back 2

an authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals

Front 3

fundamentalism

Back 3

rigid adherence to fundamental religious doctrines, often accompanied by a literal application of scripture of historical beliefs to today's world

Front 4

protestant ethic

Back 4

Max Weber's term for the disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers

Front 5

religion

Back 5

unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things according to Emile Durkheim

Front 6

religious experience

Back 6

the feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion

Front 7

social institutions

Back 7

organized patterns of beliefs and behaviors that are centered on basic social needs

Front 8

William F. Ogburn

Back 8

noted that the family provides socialization, reproductive, and protective functions for its members

Front 9

George Murdock

Back 9

noted that 80% of the 565 societies that he studied had some type of polygamy

Front 10

Karl Marx

Back 10

noted that religions often drug the masses into submission by offering a consolation for their harsh lives on earth and the hope of salvation in an ideal afterlife

Front 11

Friedrich Engels

Back 11

noted that family is the ultimate source of social inequality

Front 12

Max Weber

Back 12

published a book in 1904 that noted that it was not a mere coincidence that an overwhelming number of business leaders, owners of capital, and skilled workers were Protestant and not Catholics

Front 13

authority

Back 13

power that is institutionalized and recognized by the people over whom it is exercised

Front 14

charismatic authority

Back 14

Max Weber's term for power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers

Front 15

communism

Back 15

as an ideal type, an economic system in which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made based on people's ability to produce

Front 16

credentialism

Back 16

an increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field

Front 17

deindustrialization

Back 17

the systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants

Front 18

economic system

Back 18

the social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed

Front 19

elite model

Back 19

a view of society as ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests

Front 20

hidden curriculum

Back 20

standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly at schools

Front 21

laissez-faire

Back 21

a form of capitalism in which businesses compete freely, with minimal government intervention in the economy

Front 22

legal-rational authority

Back 22

Max Weber's term for power made by legitimate law

Front 23

microfinancing

Back 23

lending small sums of money to the poor so that they can work their way out of poverty

Front 24

pluralist model

Back 24

a view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government officials, so that no single group is dominant

Front 25

politics

Back 25

Lasswell - "who gets what, when, and how"

Front 26

power elite

Back 26

term used by C. Wright Mills for a small group of military, industrial, and governmental leaders who control the fate of the US

Front 27

socialism

Back 27

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned

Front 28

C. Wright Mills

Back 28

argued that the US is dominated by corporate, military, and political elite

Front 29

Karl Marx

Back 29

believed government officials and military leaders were essentially servants of the capitalist class and followed their wishes

Front 30

Max Weber

Back 30

-his analysis of bureaucracies has been applied to schools in the US because of the growing number of students in those institutions and the greater degree of specialization required within a technology complex society
-created a classification system of authority that distinguished between traditional, legal-rational, and charismatic authority

Front 31

Harold Lasswell

Back 31

defined politics and "who gets what, when, and how"

Front 32

brain drain

Back 32

the immigration to the US and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries

Front 33

concentric-zone theory

Back 33

theory of urban growth devised by Ernest Burgess that sees growth in terms of a series of rings radiating from the central business district

Front 34

curanderismo

Back 34

traditional latino folk practices for holistic health care and healing

Front 35

environmental justice

Back 35

a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities and the lower classes are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards

Front 36

health

Back 36

as defined by the world health organization, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

Front 37

human ecology

Back 37

an area of study concerned with the interrelationships between people and their spatial setting and physical environment

Front 38

industrial city

Back 38

the number of new cases of specific disorder occurring within a given people and their spatial setting and physical environment

Front 39

multiple-nuclei theory

Back 39

a theory of urban growth developed by Harris and Ullman that views growth as emerging from many centers of development, each of which reflects a particular need or activity

Front 40

new urban sociology

Back 40

an approach to urbanization that considers the interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their effect on local space, with special emphasis on the impact of global economic activity

Front 41

postindustrial city

Back 41

a city in which global finance and the electronic flow of information dominate the economy

Front 42

preindustrial city

Back 42

a city with only a few thousand residents that is characterized by a relatively closed class system and limited social mobility

Front 43

sick role

Back 43

societal expectations about the attitudes and behaviors of a person viewed as being ill

Front 44

social epidemiology

Back 44

the study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population

Front 45

world systems analysis

Back 45

Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as one divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited

Front 46

equilibrium model

Back 46

Talcott Parson's functionalist view of society tending toward a state of stability or balance

Front 47

luddite

Back 47

rebellious craft workers in 19th century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the industrial revolution

Front 48

new social movement

Back 48

organized collective activities that address values and social identities, as well as improvements in the equality of life

Front 49

offshoring

Back 49

the transfer of work to foreign contractors

Front 50

relative deprivation

Back 50

the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities

Front 51

resource mobilization

Back 51

the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel

Front 52

vested interests

Back 52

Veblen's term for those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo

Front 53

physicians per 100,000 people in 2007

Back 53

265

Front 54

Allan Schnailberg

Back 54

critic of environmental policies who notes that capitalist societies have increasing demands for products, for obtaining natural resources at minimal costs, and for manufacturing products as quickly and cheaply as possible - not matter what the long-term environmental consequences will be

Front 55

Immanuel Wallerstein

Back 55

contributed to urban sociology through his world systems analysis approach

Front 56

Karl Marx

Back 56

suggests that capitalist societies such as the US care more about maximizing profits than they do about the health and safety of industrial workers

Front 57

Talcott Parsons

Back 57

- outlined the behavior expected of people who are sick
- developed the equilibrium model of social change

Front 58

Eliot Friedson

Back 58

has likened the position of medicine "to that state religions of yesterday - it has an officially approved monopoly of the right to define health and illness and to treat illness"

Front 59

Ernest Burgess

Back 59

developed the concentric-zone theory

Front 60

Paul Ehrlich

Back 60

demographer considered to be neo-Malthusian

Front 61

Thorsten Veblem

Back 61

coined term "vested interests"

Front 62

Emile Durkheim

Back 62

maintained that society progressed from simple to more complex forms of social organization

Front 63

William Ogburn

Back 63

pointed out that nonmaterial culture typically must respond to changes in material culture

Front 64

Randall Collins

Back 64

correctly predicted the collapse of the Soviet Union based on that country's 20th century expansionism and overextension of resources

Front 65

Maureen Hallinan

Back 65

- former president of the ASA
- critical in both evolutionary theory and equilibrium theory of social change

Front 66

Ralf Dahrendorf

Back 66

has noted that the functionalist perspective's emphasis on the stability and the conflict perspective's focus on change reflects the contradictory nature of society

Front 67

August Comte

Back 67

founder of sociology and an evolutionary theorist of social change