Intro To Psychology-Chapter 8- Coon

Front 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience.

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

Any event that increases the probability that a particular response will occur.

Back 2

Reinforcement

Front 3

Any identifiable behavior.

Back 3

Response

Front 4

Events that precede a response

Back 4

Antecedents

Front 5

Effects that follow a response.

Back 5

Consequences

Front 6

An innate, automatic response to a stimulus; for example, an eye blink.

Back 6

Reflex

Front 7

A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli.

Back 7

Classical conditioning

Front 8

Learning based on the consequences of responding.

Back 8

Operant conditioning

Front 9

A stimulus that does not evoke a response.

Back 9

Neutral stimulus

Front 10

A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 10

Conditioned stimulus

Front 11

A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response.

Back 11

Unconditioned stimulus

Front 12

A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Back 12

Conditioned response

Front 13

The period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced.

Back 13

Acquisition

Front 14

Reinforcement that occurs when an unconditioned stimulus closely follows a conditioned stimulus.

Back 14

Respondent reinforcement

Front 15

Classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning; that is, a CS (conditioned stimulus)is used as if it were a US.(unconditioned stimulus)

Back 15

Higher order conditioning

Front 16

Perspective that explains learning in terms of information imparted by events in the environment.

Back 16

Informational view

Front 17

An anticipation concerning future events or relationships.

Back 17

Expectancy

Front 18

The weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement.

Back 18

Extinction

Front 19

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

Back 19

Spontaneous recovery

Front 20

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus.

Back 20

Stimulus generalization

Front 21

The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli.

Back 21

Stimulus discrimination

Front 22

An intense and unrealistic fear of some specific objection or situation.

Back 22

Phobia

Front 23

An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning.

Back 23

Conditioned emotional response

Front 24

Reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed.

Back 24

Desensitization

Front 25

Classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus.

Back 25

Vicarious classical conditioning

Front 26

Learning based on the consequences of responding.

Back 26

Operant conditioning

Front 27

Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not.

Back 27

Law of effect

Front 28

Any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows.

Back 28

Operant reinforcer

Front 29

Any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows.

Back 29

Operant reinforcer

Front 30

An apparatus designed for the study of operant conditioning in animals; a Skinner box.

Back 30

Conditioning chamber

Front 31

Applying reinforcement, punishment, or other consequences only when a certain response is made.

Back 31

Response-contingent reinforcement

Front 32

The assembly of a series of responses into a chain of actions leading to reinforcement

Back 32

Response chaining

Front 33

In conditioning, a behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary.

Back 33

Superstitious behavior

Front 34

Gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern.

Back 34

Shaping

Front 35

A series of steps or ever-closer matches to a desired response pattern.

Back 35

Successive approximations

Front 36

The weakening or disappearance of a non-reinforced operant response.

Back 36

Operant extinction

Front 37

Using misbehavior to gain attention.

Back 37

Negative attention seeking

Front 38

Occurs when a response is followed with a reward or other positive event.

Back 38

Positive reinforcement

Front 39

Occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event.

Back 39

Negative reinforcement

Front 40

Occurs when a response is followed with pain or an otherwise negative event or when a response is followed with the removal of a positive reinforcer (response cost).

Back 40

Punishment

Front 41

Punishment that occurs when a response leads to the removal of a positive reinforcer.

Back 41

Response cost

Front 42

Unlearned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs.

Back 42

Primary reinforcers

Front 43

Direct electrical stimulation and activation of brain tissue.

Back 43

Intracranial stimulation

Front 44

A learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties through association with a primary reinforcer.

Back 44

Secondary reinforcer

Front 45

Reinforcers, such as attention and approval, provided by other people.

Back 45

Social reinforcer

Front 46

Symbolic rewards, or secondary reinforcers (such as plastic chips, gold stars, or points), that can be exchanged for real reinforcers.

Back 46

Token reinforcer

Front 47

Reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person.

Back 47

Social Reinforcer

Front 48

Information on the effects a response has had that is returned to the person performing the response (also known as knowledge of results).

Back 48

Feedback

Front 49

During learning, feedback or information provided about the correctness of responses or other aspects of performance.

Back 49

Knowledge of results

Front 50

Any learning format that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners.

Back 50

Programmed instruction

Front 51

Learning aided by computer-presented information and exercises.

Back 51

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)

Front 52

A basic Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)format, typically consisting of questions and answers.

Back 52

Drill and practice

Front 53

Educational computer programs designed to resemble games to motivate learning.

Back 53

Instructional games

Front 54

Computer programs that stimulate real-world settings or situations to promote learning.

Back 54

Educational simulations

Front 55

Computerized instruction that combines text, sounds, videos, and interactive exercises.

Back 55

Interactive multimedia instruction.

Front 56

A rule or plan for determining which responses will be reinforced.

Back 56

Schedule of reinforcement

Front 57

A schedule in which every correct response is followed by a reinforcer.

Back 57

Continuous reinforcement

Front 58

A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced.

Back 58

Partial reinforcement

Front 59

Responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.

Back 59

Partial reinforcement effect

Front 60

A pattern in which a set number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer. For example, a reinforcer is given for every four correct responses.

Back 60

Fixed ratio schedule

Front 61

A pattern in which a varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer. For example, a reinforcer is given after three to seven correct responses; the actual number changes randomly.

Back 61

Variable ratio schedule

Front 62

A pattern in which a reinforcer is given only when a correct response is made after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made before the time interval has ended are not reinforced.

Back 62

Fixed interval schedule

Front 63

A schedule in which a reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed (measured from the previous reinforced response). Responses made before the time interval has ended are not reinforced.

Back 63

Variable interval schedule

Front 64

The tendency of stimuli present when an operant response is acquired to subsequently control when and where the response is made.

Back 64

Stimulus control

Front 65

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those present when an operant response was acquired.

Back 65

Operant stimulus generalization

Front 66

The tendency to make a response when stimuli previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli associated with non-reward are present.

Back 66

Operant stimulus discrimination

Front 67

Stimuli that precede rewarded and non-rewarded responses in operant conditioning and that come to exert some control over whether the response is made.

Back 67

Discriminative stimuli

Front 68

Occurs when a response is followed with pain or an otherwise negative event or when a response is followed with the removal of a positive reinforcer (response cost).

Back 68

Punishment

Front 69

Any event that decreases the probability or frequency of responses it follows.

Back 69

Punisher

Front 70

Intense punishment; punishment capable of suppressing a response for long periods.

Back 70

Severe punishment

Front 71

Punishment that has a relatively weak effect, especially punishment that only temporarily slows responding.

Back 71

Mild punishment

Front 72

Any stimulus that produces discomfort or displeasure.

Back 72

Aversive stimulus

Front 73

Learning to make a response in order to end an aversive (painful or uncomfortable) stimulus.

Back 73

Escape learning

Front 74

Learning that occurs when making a particular response delays or prevents the onset of a painful or unpleasant stimulus.

Back 74

Avoidance learning

Front 75

Higher level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation.

Back 75

Cognitive learning

Front 76

A mental image of an area (building, city, country) that guides movement from one location to another.

Back 76

Cognitive map

Front 77

Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided.

Back 77

Latent learning

Front 78

Learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition and memorization, or by learning rules.

Back 78

Rote learning

Front 79

Learning based on insight or understanding rather than on mechanical application of rules.

Back 79

Discovery learning

Front 80

Learning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or noting the consequences of those actions.

Back 80

Observational learning

Front 81

A person who serves as an example in observational learning.

Back 81

Model

Front 82

Any high-frequency response can be used to reinforce a low-frequency response.

Back 82

Premack principle

Front 83

Self-management based on keeping records of response frequencies.

Back 83

Self-recording

Front 84

A formal agreement stating behaviors to be changed and consequences that apply.

Back 84

Behavioral contract

Front 85

Inborn, unlearned behavior.

Back 85

Innate behavior

Front 86

Behavior patterns that occur with little variation in almost all members of a species.

Back 86

Species-specific behavior

Front 87

Behavior patterns that are typical of a species, but not automatic.

Back 87

Species-typical behavior

Front 88

Biological limits on what an animal or person can easily learn.

Back 88

Biological constraints

Front 89

Holds that people and animals are prepared by evolution to readily learn fears of certain stimuli.

Back 89

Prepared fear theory

Front 90

The tendency of learned responses to shift toward innate response patterns.

Back 90

Instinctive drift