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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diabetic retinopathy |
Caused by damage to endothelial lining of small blood vessels of eye damage --> progressive occlusion --> obstruction and increased pressure earliest form is non-proliferative retinopathy advanced form is proliferative retinopathy (neovascularization --> may lead to bleeding and/or blindness) proliferative retinopathy is most common cause of blindness in adults of Western world |
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Non proliferative retinopathy |
dilation of veins microaneurysms retinal edema retinal hemorrhages |
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Proliferative retinopathy |
As damage increases --> vessels secrete inc amts of angiogenesis factor Neovascularization covers optic nerve hemorrhages protrude into vitreous chamber vitreal hemorrhages threaten sight Rx with laser photocoagulation and glycemic control |
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Retinal detachment |
Most common causes are myopia or surgical extraction of cataracts Can occur spontaneous Can also occur secondary to prolif retinopathy or age related macular degeneration p/w blurry vision in one eye w/o pain or redness & seeing "floaters" or flashes at periphery of vision "curtain coming down" as retina falls off sclera behind it dx with ophthalmic exam (emergency!), fluorescein angiogram, &/or optical coherence tomography rx by leaning the patient's head back so retina may fall back in place or surgically via laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, or injection of expansible gas into vitreal cavity --> if fails, vitreous is removed & retina surgically attached to sclera |
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Causes of central retinal artery occlusion |
secondary to: carotid artery embolic dz temporal arteritis cardiac thrombi or myxoma (eg after angiogram) thrombophilia (eg Factor V Leiden) |
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Central retinal artery occlusion |
Ophtho emergency! Sudden, painless, and unilateral loss of vision No eye redness Opthal exam shows pale retina, diminished perfusion, and "cherry red" spot at fovea after dx, pt should undergo carotid artery imaging, echo, & eval for thrombophilia |
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Central retinal vein occulsion |
presentation is similar to central retinal artery occlusion pts may have HTN Optho exam shows "blood and thunder" appearance --> disk swelling, venous dilation, tortuosity, and retinal hemorrhages Retinal hemorrhages distinguish arterial from venous occlusion |
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Closed angle glaucoma |
Optho emergency precipitated by use of medications that have anticholinergic properties p/w red eye, painful, hard to palpation, and fixed midpoint pupil (can also be vomiting bc of pain) cornea has hazy cloudiness marked diminishment of visual acuity |
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Rx of closed angle glaucoma |
IV acetazolamide, urea, and osmotic diuretics (eg mannitol or glycerol) pilocarpine can be used to open canal of Schlemm & b-blocker used to decr humor production if ineffective --> laser trabeculoplasty |
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Herpes Simplex Keratitis |
Severe eye pain and sensation that something is caught under eyelid dx via dendritic pattern over cornea on fluorescein staining of eye under blue light |
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Rx of herpes simplex keratitis |
rx with oral acyclovir, famciclovir, or valacyclovir can also use topical trifluridin or idoxuridine NEVER treat with oral or topical steroids --> worsens herpes eruptions |
