Inflammation - Exudation And Leukocyte Migration

Front 1

Sereous Exudate

Back 1

abundant, watery, clear or cloudy, relatively low protein, low cell exudate.

Observed in mild reactions involving serous (pleural, peri-cardial and peritoneal) and synovial membranes and connective tissues.

- Found in blisters etc.

Front 2

Fibrinous

Back 2

- Rich in fibrinogen
- Observed in more severe reactions involving serous membranes, the alveoli of the lungs and sometimes connective tissues
- Found in scabs
- Rich in fibrinogen - protein precoursors to m.c. to fibrin (the main component of blood clots)

Front 3

Catarrhal

Back 3

- Usually cloudy thin mucinous exudate to more restricted tick white sticky musinous exudate
- Associated with the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, airways, lower alimentary tract, uterus and mucous glands

Front 4

Suppurative/Purulent

Back 4

- PUS
- Associated with bacterial infections
- Contains very large number of dying and dead neutrophils and necrotic tissue debris that has been poorly liquified by various proteases peptidases and lipases liberated from dead cells
- Abscesses
- Sometimes it occurs as a diffuse process extending through connective tissues and along fascial planes

Front 5

Haemorrhagic

Back 5

- Frank haemorrhage

Front 6

Necrotising

Back 6

- Cell death, ischaemia, acute venous congestion
- Cell components and content mixed in

Front 7

Functions of Exudate

Back 7

1) Dilutes toxins and other active m.c.
2) Distributes clotting factors and mediators around injured tissues, clots obstruct bacterial spread and aid in phagocytosis, mucous traps microorganisms
3) Antibodies and complement opsonize pathogens for phagocytosis and antibodies neutralize toxins
4) Exudate continuously drains off to lymphatic vessels, carries bacterial antigens and toxins to lymph nodes where specific immune responses can be mounted or amplified.

Front 8

Histamine is released in response to _____________

Back 8

cellular injury

Front 9

Histamine has its effects via the _____ _____ _____ receptors

Back 9

H1, H2, H3 receptors

Front 10

Histamine causes:

Back 10

- Smooth muscle contraction of bronchi, gut and large vessels (ex. aorta)
- Smooth muscle relaxation in small arterioles (significant fall in bp)
- Increased vascular permeability
- Increased secretion of gastric acid

Front 11

Histamine acting on the H2 receptors effects ___________

Back 11

gastric acid secretion

Front 12

__________ is the main storage site for histamine with ____________ storage site in the blood

Back 12

Mast cells, basophils

Front 13

Histamine is converted from ____________ when in the presence of _______________ enzyme

Back 13

Histidine, in the presence of L-histidine decarboxylase

Front 14

Histamine storage

Back 14

- Histamine in mast cells is synthesized slowly and stored
- Turnover is slow and depletion can occur
- Because of the slow turnover, if mast cells release histamine then it will take awhile to replenish

Front 15

Histamine release effects
- Carnivores ____________
- Rabbits _______________
- Guinea pigs ___________

Back 15

- hypotension
- bronchoconstriction and right heart dilation
- bronchoconstriction and asphyxiation

Front 16

Serotonin aka ___________

Back 16

5- Hydroxytryptamine

Front 17

5-HT is concentrated in_______

Back 17

enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, in platelets and in the CNS

Front 18

5-HT receptors

Back 18

Four subgroups of receptors with additional subtypes within each family:
-5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4
- the majority are G-protein coupled
- 5-HT3 is ion gated

Front 19

Effects of 5-HT

Back 19

1) Platelets: release of 5-HT from the platelet promotes platelet aggregation and local vasoconstriction

2) GI Tract: helps control gastrointestinal function, may be excititory or inhibitory, depends on location and type of receptor

3) CNS: multiple effects in the CNS affecting sleep/wake cycle, behaviour, anxiety, etc.

Front 20

Leukocytosis

Back 20

an increase in the concentration of leukocytes in the blood

Front 21

Neutrophilia

Back 21

- neutrophil leukocytosis
- occurs when inflammation is cuased by local bacterial or viral infections or by trauma

Front 22

Neutropaenia

Back 22

- In infections by pyogenic bacteria and fungi, emigration of neutrophils occurs on a scale which rapidly depletes the levels of cells in the circulating blood

Front 23

Neutrophil leukocytosis occurs when the inflammation is caused by local _________ or ___________ or by _____________

Back 23

bacterial, viral infections, trauma

Front 24

Fever is beneficial due to:

Back 24

- decreased microbial replication efficiency
- increased leukocyte function
- increased antigen presentation efficiency (by DC)
**Note: B cells are inhibited at higher temps and the DEGREE of fever is important

Front 25

Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)

Back 25

- acts on immature cells and stimulates them into differentiation
- released by macrophages

Front 26

Acute Phase Response

Back 26

- Occurs in most forms of inflammation, infection and tissue injury
- Is the increased production of several plasma proteins (by the liver) after injury and in disease states

Front 27

Acute Phase Response

Back 27

Systemic manifestation that occurs in most forms of inflammation, infection and tissue injury. It involves induction of increased synthesis of several host proteins involved in attracting leukocytes into tissues (serum amyloid A), clearning microorganisms (C-reactive protein, complement components), blood clotting, and controlling proteases released during inflammation. During acute inflammation these proteins are synthesized by the liver until the infection or reaction is halted when their production returns to normal.
- Response is mediated by IL6 released by activated macrophages acting on hepatocytes and initiating synthesis of the acute phase proteins and more IL6