Imaging

Front 1

A branch of medical science which deals with the diagnostic and therapeutic application of radiant energy including roentgen rays, radium and radioactive isotopes.

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Radiology

Front 2

branch of radiology which deals primarily with the diagnostic and therapeutic application of roentgen energy in the disease of animals under jurisdiction of veterinarian.

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Veterinary Radiology

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a person qualified by training to use radiant energy in the diagnosis, treatment and research areas of medicine

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Radiologist

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an x-ray technician, who is trained to make radiographs

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Radiographer

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photographic image produced by ionizing radiation after passing through an object

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Radiograph

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Unexposed film to any ionizing radiation

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X-ray film

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What combination does transport of energy or energy disturbance through space

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Combination of electric and magnetic field

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Speed is constant

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True

Front 9

As frequency increases, wavelength decreases

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True

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EMR meaning

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Electromagnetic radiation

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Unit of radiation exposure or intensity

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Roentgen

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Unit of radiation absorbed dose

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Rad

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monitoring devices, occupational exposure

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Rem

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unit of radioactivity, quantity of radioactive material

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Curie

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Who discovered xtray

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Wilhelm Roentgen

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in what date does xtray discovered

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Nov 8 ,1895

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What Prize did Roentgen received

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First Nobel Prize in physics

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elements for xtray production

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source of electron

method of accelerating the electron

obstacle free path passage for high speed electron

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The cathode consists of a coiled wire ____ that emits electrons when headed

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Filament

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where the filament located

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concave cup called Focusing cup

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The amount of energy in the circuit is reffered as

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miliamperage

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Acceleration of the electrons is controlled by

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kilovoltage

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The target is composed of ____ which can withstand and dissipate high temperature

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tungsten

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the base of the target usually is made of ____ act as conductor

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copper

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Two main types of anode

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Two main types are the stationary anode and rotating anode

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The small area of the target which the electron collide is called

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Focal spot

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Heated filaments emits electrons by

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thermionic emission

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Electrons are accelerated by

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high voltage

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A type of xray that the projectile electrons interact with inner shell electrons

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Characteristic/Line

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A type of xtray that projectile electrons interacts with the nucleus of a target action

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General/ Continuous/Bremsstrahlung

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result when the interaction is sufficiently violent to ionized the target atom through total removal of an inner shell electron

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Characteristic xtray

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any kind of radiation capable of removing an orbital electron from an atom with which it interacts

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Ionization

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kvp stands for

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kilovoltage peak

This is the highest voltage measured in thousand of volts

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The closer the PE gets to the nucleus the more it is influenced by the electric field of the nucleus

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Bremsstrahlung x-tray

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As the projectile electrons passes by the nucleus, it slowed down and changes its course, leaving with reduced kinetic energy in different direction

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Bremsstrahlung x-tray

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German word means "slowed-down" radiation

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Bremsstralung x-trays

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at 100kVp, what percent is the bremsstralung

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85%

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define as unaltered radiation

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Primary radiation

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altered, different energy level, result from the interaction of primary and any matter

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Secondary radiation

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Interaction of x-trays with matter

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Photoelectric effect

Compton effect

Coherent scattering

Pair production

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occurs when an incident x tray is totally absorbed during the ionization of an inner-shell

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Photoelectric effect

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The incident photon disappeared and the k-shell electron, the ______ is ejected from the atom

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Photoelectron effect

Front 43

Compton scattering reduces what?

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image contrast

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The incident x-trays interacts with an outer shell electron and ejects it from the atom thereby ionizing the atom

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Compton effect

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The ejected electron is called

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Campton electron

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Low energy x-trays

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Coherent scatter

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the incident x-tray interacts with a target atom, causing it to become excited

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Coherent scatter

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The result of excitement, change in direction of the x-tray without a change in its energy

No ionization

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Coherent scatter

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Important in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging in nuclear medicine

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Pair production

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The interaction between the x-ray and nuclear field causes the x-ray to disappear by then 2 electrons appeared 1 positive (positron) 1 negative

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Pair production

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an emulsion-gelatin containing radiation sensitive silver halide crystal such as silver bromide or silver iodide, and flexible, transparent , blue-tinted base.

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X-tray film

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heart of the film

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Emulsion

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clear, porous (mechanical support)

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Gelatin

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crystals - 3D geometric form

Silver halogen (silver bromide 95%, Silver iodide 5%)

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Silver halide

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caused by formation of metallic (black) silver in the emulsion

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blackening of the film

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exposure of the x-tray film by light or x-trays that will reduce silver ions in the emulsion to metallic silver

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True

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Formation of latent image

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Gurney- mott theory

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combination of setting selected on the control panel of the xtray machine to produce a desired effect on the radiograph

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Radiograph technique

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quantitative measure of film blackening

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Photographic/Optical density

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Differences between two densities

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Film contrast

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Exposure factors

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kilovoltage, milliamperage, time, distance

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The higher the kilovoltage, the faster the electrons are accelerated

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True

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Kilovoltage aka

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Kilo voltage peak (kVp)

peak- maximum energy

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An inverse relationship exists between kVp and mAs

Higher kVp, lower mAs, lower exposure time

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True

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(2× thickness) + 40 = kVp

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Santes' rule

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there is a direct relationship between mA and the length of exposure (time)

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true

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The number of electrons and the period of time set for their release determine how many x-trays are available

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true

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higher mA setting allows shorter time setting = same number of xtray produce

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true

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SID meaning

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Source-image distance

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As the SID decrease, the intensity of x-rays is ?

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increase

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The most common SID in veterinary practice ranges

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36 to 40 (90 to 100cm).

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Radiographic quality

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Exposure factor

Grid

Scatter radiation

Distance and motion

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Radiographic contrast is influenced by

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subject contrast

kVp level

scatter radiation

film type

film fog

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kVp is too low resulting

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soot and whitewash (gray and white)

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Used to reduce the amount of scatter radiation and increased the quality of the radiographic image

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Grid

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Radiation arising from such sources behind the image plane may be scattered back to the image

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Backscatter

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xtray film moves during exposure will result to

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blurring the image result

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To maintain an accurate geometric projection and magnification the subject under examination must be? _____ to the image protector

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Parallel and close

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3 primary components of xtray machine

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x-tray tube

opening console

high voltage section

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thin sheet of gelatin and cellulose coated with silver halide crystals on both side

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x-tray film

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Types of x-tray film

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conventional xtray film

Xeroradiography (selenium plates)

Computerized Tomography (uses ionization chamber)

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Foundation of radiographic film

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Base

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Xtray Film base made up of?

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Polyester

Front 84

it absorbs x-radiation during x-tray exposure and store the energy from radiation

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Silver halide crystal

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converts radiation, typically light, into various shades of gray or optical density values

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Image recording

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record ms, or retains, an image

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Image recording

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an invisible image capable of becoming visible

formed by X ray exposure on x ray film

converted into a visible image by development of the film

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Latent image

Front 88

They can be easily viewed by trans-illumination on viewbox

most filmed medical image are recorded as transparencies

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Image display

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sensitivity center

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Frankel defect

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heart of the film

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Emulsion

Front 91

Most filmed medical images are recorded as

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Transparencies

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each sheet must be loaded into a

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cassette or film holder

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ideal time for developing

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5 min

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Composition of Developer

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Developing agent - Metolhydroguinone

Activator - NaCO3

Restrainer- KBr

Preservative- NaSO3

Hardener- Glutaraldehyde

Solvent

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converts latent image into manifest image

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Developer

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Clear the film of unexposed, undeveloped silver bromide crystals, promotes archival quality

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Fixer

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major processing problems

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Exhaustion of developer

Artifacts

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decline in strength

milky appearance of developer

change every three months

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Exhaustion of developer

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irregular density on a radiograph,

occurs as fog, exposure artifacts, processing artifacts

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Artifacts

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Radiographic Technique

combination of settings to produce desired includes:

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geometry and position of an x ray

Patient

x-ray film

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Patient factors

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Thickness

Composition

Pathology

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result of the differential attenuation of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient

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Object and lesion depiction in radiography

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Image quality factors

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Radiographic/ optical density

Radiographic contrast

Detail

Distortion

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Used to improve subject contrast

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Contrast agent

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for visualization of gastrointestinal tract on radiographic examinations.

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Barium

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ability to image separate objects and detect one from the other

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Resolution/ sharpness

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Low contrast resolution (organs)

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Liver and pancreas

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High contrast

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bone and tissue

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3 Major interrelated categories of radiographic quality

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Film factors

Geometric Factor

Subject Factor

Front 110

Study of relationship between the intensity of exposure of the film and density

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Sensitometry