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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lateral decubitus view -
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aka decubitus
* lying down and lateral x-ray beam. Used to delineate air/fluid levels |
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Abdominal x-ray
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* Typically single supine view (KUB – kidney, ureter, urinary bladder)
* 2 view supine and lateral; or supine, lateral, and decubitus film |
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Joint x-ray
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Typically 2 or 3 views to obtain a 3 dimensional imaging. PA, lateral, and oblique or AP
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Barium contrast is used in what studies?
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to outline the GI tract in X-ray and CT imaging.
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Iodine contrast is used in what studies? What are some side effects?
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* CT imaging intravenously
* Most commonly feeling warmth * injected outside of the vein severe pain * Bronchospasm, laryngeal edema or hypotension |
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Gadolinium contrast is used in what studies? What are some side effects?
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* MRI intravenously
* allergic reaction * Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)- fibrosis of soft and connective tissue especially in joints. Risk with kidney disease |
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High risk iodine contrast pts?
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Infants – at risk for rapid rise in plasma osmolality
Elderly – at risk for poor tolerance and delayed excretion Heart dz – at risk for arrhythmias Renal failure, myeloma, or severe diabetes – more likely to show renal function deterioration due the contrast media |
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“window levels”
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* density
* midpoint or center point of the total number of densities being viewed in a selected window width. |
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High resolution CT
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produce slices 1.5-2.0 mm thick, are used for very detailed display of lung anatomy.
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Spiral CT
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* newest scanners produce images of the chest that demonstrate the pulmonary arteries without motion and can detect pulmonary emboli.
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MRI is good for?
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* nervous system and spine
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Substances causing high signal intensity (MRI)
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* bright (T1)
* fat, subacute hemorrhage, highly proteinaceous material (mucous), slow-flowing blood, and intravenous contrast material (gadolinium). |
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Water (MRI)
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* Dark (T1)
* whiter (T2) * CSF, cyst, |
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Most pathological processes show .... (MRI)
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darker (T1)
whiter (T2) |
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Cortical bone, calcium, air, and fast flowing blood appear (T2)
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very dark
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Contrast in MRI
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used less frequently because flowing blood produces a signal void that contrasts sharply with adjacent structures
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MRI advantages
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* high-quality images of arterial and venous systems without the need for contrast dye
* far better than CT for soft tissue * ideal CNS imaging |
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Fluid-filled structures (US)
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intense echoes at their borders, no internal echoes, and good transmission of the sound waves
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Solid structures (US)
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posterior margin appears less sharply defined than the anterior margin, and only a portion of the beam is transmitted.
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Anechoic tissue/structure
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echo free or lacking a signal (darker)
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Hyperechoic/echoic
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bright intensity appearing light gray to white on image (stones, bones)
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Hypoechoic
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weak reflection that appear dark gray to gray on image (GI tract)
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Isoechoic
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two structures that have the same echogenicity even though the tissues may not be the same
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Apical Lordotic is used for?
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apex of lung for pneumothorax or malignancy
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You want to be able to see the ______ rib on a Chx x-ray
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10th
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IVC is seen best
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on lateral projection
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Left Pulmonary Artery
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* courses over left upper lobe bronchus
* directed posterolaterally * on lateral, behind tracheal air column |
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Right Pulmonary Artery
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* courses beneath right upper lobe bronchus
* directed horizontally * on lateral, anterior to tracheal air column |
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Pulmonary veins
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* more horizontal
* best seen on lateral * don’t confuse with retrocardiac infiltrate |
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Anterior - 4 T’s
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1) terrible lymph nodes
2) thymus (thymoma) 3) thyroid (substernal goiter) 4) teratoma |
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Middle - heart, vessels, lung root
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lymph nodes
congenital cysts diaphragmatic hernias vascular lesions |
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Posterior - esophagus, desc. aorta
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neurogenic tumors
esophageal lesions vertebral lesions congenital cysts |
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Normal Thymus
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Sail Sign
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