Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Premaxilla |
|
|
|
Maxilla |
|
|
|
Interopercle |
|
|
|
Subopercle |
|
|
|
Scale Types |
|
|
|
Dentary |
|
|
|
Supraoccipital |
|
|
|
Brachiostegal |
|
|
|
Coracoid |
|
|
|
Pterygiophore |
|
|
|
Hemal Spine |
|
|
|
Neural Spine |
|
|
|
Centrum |
|
|
|
Supracarinalis |
|
|
|
Epaxial myotomes |
|
|
|
Verticle septum |
|
|
|
Red lateral muscle |
|
|
|
Horizontal septum |
|
|
|
Hypaxial myotomes |
|
|
|
Ifracarinalis |
|
|
|
Ichthyology |
Study of fish Ichthy - Fish logos - study |
|
|
Poikilothermic |
An organism whose internal temperature varies considerably - opposite of a homeotherm |
|
|
What makes a fish? |
1) Poikilothermic 2) chordate with notochord 3) appendages which are fins 4) chief respiratory organs are gills 5) body usually covered in scales |
|
|
Fish vs Fishes |
Fish - one or more individuals of a single species Fishes - more than one species of fish |
|
|
Diversity trends - marine & freshwater |
41% of species freshwater 58% of species marine 1% live in both Highest freshwater diversity - tropics such as Southeast Asia, South America, and Africa Highest saltwater diversity - Indo-west Pacific and Red Sea |
|
|
Systematics vs Taxonomy |
Systematics - the study of evolutionary relationships between living things Taxonomy - theory and practice of describing biodiversity, arranging this into a system of classification and constructing identification keys |
|
|
Binomial nomenclature |
Two parts - first part genus second part specific epithet |
|
|
Biological species concept |
groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
|
|
Clades and cladograms |
Clade = a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life" Cladogram = chart using cladistics (different than phenogram (using many characteristics) or phylogram (using time of divergence) |
|
|
Homoplasies |
shared independently derived similarities such as parallelisms, convergences, or secondary losses |
|
|
Cladistics |
Primary goal is definition of monophyletic groups; want to use the smallest # of characters and a simple hypothesis (Parsimony principle) |
|
|
Meristic vs Morphometric vs Anatomical |
Meristic - countable structures (scales, spines, rays) Morphometric - measurable structures (fin length, eye diameter) Anatomical - shape and location (photophore patterns, fin location) |
|
|
What are the 6 living classes of fish and the extinct groups? |
Modern: Myxini, Cephalaspidomorphi, Chondrichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Actinopterygii, Neopterygii Extinct: Acanthodii, ostracoderms |
|
|
Myxini |
Hagfishes |
|
|
Cephalaspidomorphi |
lampreys |
|
|
Chondrichthyes |
Sharks, rays, and cartilaginous fish |
|
|
Sarcopterygii |
primitive bony fish |
|
|
Actinopterygii |
gars and bowfin fish |
|
|
Neopterygii |
modern fish (neo - new) |
|
|
Holotype |
single specimen used to describe species |
|
|
Planes of a Fish |
|
|
|
How many bones in a fish skull versus a human? |
Fish = 150 skull bones Human = 48 skull bones |
|
|
In general, what is difference between bone numbers of derived higher fishes versus ancestral fishes? |
Trend is toward fusion of bones in higher vertebrates and within more derived higher fishes (more advanced = less bones) |
|
|
Branchiocranium aka Splanchnocranium |
|
|
|
Chondocranium |
Original cartilaginous braincase, cartilage replaced by bone during development |
|
|
Dermatocranium |
Believed to have evolved from scales |
|
|
Neurocranium |
Comprised of both chondrocranium and dermatocranium |
|
|
Cartilage replacement bones vs dermal bones |
cartilage bones - pre-formed in cartilage before they ossify
dermal bones - not so |
|
|
Ethmoid |
|
|
|
Vomer |
(tooth bearing) |
|
|
Premaxillary |
|
|
|
Maxillae |
|
|
|
Supramaxilla |
|
|
|
Amphystylic, Hyostylic, & Autostylic |
|
|
|
What are the major madibular teeth types? (8 types) |
Canine - large conical type, often at corners of mouth Villiform - small fine teeth Molariform - pavement like crushing teeth (like in some rays) Cardiform - fine pointed teeth (some pharyngeal teeth in pike) Incisor - large teeth with flattened cutting surfaces adapted for mollusks and crustaceans Beak - teeth fused into beaks for scraping algae Flattened triangular cutting teeth - sharks, piranhas Pharyngeal teeth - minnows, lack teeth on jaws |
|
|
Palatines |
cartilage bones that frequently contain teeth |
|
|
Hyomandibula |
|
|
|
Glossohyal |
|
|
|
Notochord |
1) primitive supporting structure in chordates, composed of group of cells arranged in concentric circles found largely in sharks and "ancient" fishes 2) reduced in bony fish and other vertebrates to small intervertebral disks |
|
|
Monospondylous vs Diplospondylous |
Monospondylous - single vertebra per body segment Diplospondylous - two vertebrate per body segment in tail region (sharks, lungfishes, bowfin) |
|
|
Precaudal vs Caudal vertebrae |
Precaudal - anterior, bearing ribs Caudal - posterior beginning with the first vertebra bearing an elongate haemal (bottom, not containing the neural arch) spine extending ventrally (along the underside) |
|
|
Caudal fin types (5 types) |
Protocercal - undifferentiated caudal fin, no lobes
Heterocercal - unequally lobed tail Hemicercal - in bowfin, external symmetry, internally not so Homocercal - equally lobed Leptocercal - dorsal and anal rays joined with the caudal (lungfish, rattails, coelacanth) Isocercal - last vertebrate has been modified into a flattened plate (cods) Gethyrocercal - Sunfish tail, loss of caudal fin; anal and dorsal fins merged (no hypural plate) |
|
|
Radials |
Hourglass-shaped cartilage bones that support pectoral fin rays, attached to coracoid (bottom girdle) and scapula (ventral pectoral fin support) |
|
|
Ceratotrichia vs lepidotrichia |
Ceratotrichia - horny fin rays composed of elastin supported by dermal cells (sharks) Lepidotrichia - bony supporting elements derived from scales (bony fish) |
|
|
Spines vs Rays |
Spines - hard and pointed, unsegmented unbranched and solid Rays - soft and unpointed, segmented usually branched, bilateral with right and left halves |
|
|
Median fin(s) |
Anal, caudal, and dorsal fins |
|
|
Epidermis vs Dermis |
Epidermis - outer two layers of skin Dermis - inner layer containing blood vessels |
|
|
Scutes, Lateral lines, deciduous, caucous |
Lateral line - form pores on scales from head to tail Decidous scales - easily shed scales Caducous scales - single row of enlarged scales on ventral surface between pelvic fins and anus Scutes - ventral row of scales with sharp posterior directed spines or along lateral line |
|
|
Scale morphology (4 terms) |
Focus - area where scale growth begins Radii - radially extending lines across all fields Circuli - growth rings around scale Annuli - annual growth rings caused by decreased growth, less spacing and dark banding |
|
|
Major skeletal differences between agnathans, cartilaginous, primitive, and advanced bony fish |
Agnathans - lack pectoral and pelvic girdes Cartilaginous - sharks have pectoral cartilage with no connection to vertebrae Bony fish - pectoral lacks direct attachment but instead connects to the skull by posttemporal bone |
|
|
Primitive vs Advanced bony fish morphology |
|
|
|
Cleithrum |
|
|
|
Pectoral girdle |
|
|
|
Hypurals |
|
|
|
Pleural ribs |
|
|
|
Epipleural ribs |
|
|
|
Major muscle types |
skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
|
|
Myotome |
|
|
|
Cheek Muscles |
|
|
|
Fin muscles |
|
|
|
Eye muscle adaptations |
Electric organ in Stargazers Heater organ in scombroid (deep diving) fishes |
|
|
Electric adaptation |
Caudal and lateral muscles electric in skates, elephant fish, knifefish, electric catfish Hypobrancial muscles in torpedo rays Extrinsic eye muscles in stargazers |
|
|
Simplified cardiovascular system |
Heart -> gills -> body -> back to heart |
|
|
Bony fish vs shark heart |
|
|
|
Carotid arteries |
Internal carotid arteries run from the aorta to the brain |
|
|
Dorsal aorta |
Main route of transport of oxygenated blood from gills to the rest of the body |
|
|
Ducts of Cuvier |
aka common cardinal; facial, orbital, postorbital, and cerebral veins join and empty here and it itself empties into the heart |
|
|
Postcardinal vein |
Major return route of blood for most of the body |
|
|
Gill and head respiration |
O2 deficient blood flow the opposite direction of water flowing over the gills; helps pick up O2 more readily |
|
|
Lymphatic system |
derived from venous part of blood vascular system |
|
|
Blood comparison |
Volume of blood in fish less than most terrestrial vertebrates; lower freezing point than surrounding water; RBC larger but fewer compared to land vertebrates |
|
|
Alimentary Canal |
Mouth -> stomach -> intestine -> rectum |
|
|
Typhlosole |
In hagfish and lampreys that have a straight intestine - intestinal wall folds
|
|
|
Spiral valve |
"a sort of spiral staircase inside the intestine" that increases surface area |
|
|
Stomach modifications |
Inflatable - blowfish Grinding - sturgeons, mullet, gizzard shad Respiration - armored catfish Some lack true stomachs - can't dissolve bone/shell (e.g. parrotfish) |
|
|
Pyloric ceca |
fingerlike pouches that connect to the intestine near the pylorus function in absorption or digestion; useful in classification |
|
|
Hepatopancreas |
A diffuse structure resembling a pancreas found in liver of advanced bony fishes |
|
|
Feeding habit, digestive system, length of intestine, & external morphology |
Carnivores have shorter, straighter intestines; planktovores have longer more winding intestines. Carnivores are built longer for speed, planktovores are built for maneuverability. Dentition type varies as well. |
|
|
Physostomous gas bladder |
Possessing a pneumatic duct or connection between the swim bladder and the gut. Found in more primitive fish. Allows venting of excess gas through the esophagus. |
|
|
Physoclistous gas bladder |
No connecting duct between the swim bladder and the gut. Found in more advanced bony fish. Gas is resorbed in region of swimbladder called the "oval". |
|
|
Gas gland |
secrets lactic acid into capillary loop, releases O2 bound to hemoglobin and creates a low pH which results in less capacity for hemoglobin to bind oxygen |
|
|
Rete Mirabilie |
looping bundle of arterial and venous capillaries associated with gas gland that functions as a counter current multiplier, expedites gas desorption from blood into gas bladder |
|
|
Anteroventral secretory region and Posterodorsal resorptive region |
Two parts of the gas bladder system; anteroventral contains the gas gland and rete mirabilie |
|
|
Kidneys |
Glomerulus - receives blood from dorsal aorta and filters out water, salts, sugars, and nitrogenous wastes from blood Bowman's capsule - filtrate collected here and passed into a tubule where they are reabsorbed |
|
|
Marine vs Freshwater Kidneys |
Freshwater fish have larger kidneys with more and larger glomeruli, marine fish with small ones; fresh water fish need to get rid of water, marine fish need to drink it and get rid of salts |
|
|
Gonads: Primitive vs Advanced fishes |
Primitive - gymnovarian condition: ovarian capsule not continuous with oviduct; possess Mullerian duct with funnel Advanced - cystovarian condition: where lumen of hollow ovary continuous with oviduct |
|
|
Cerebrospinal vs Autonomic |
Cerebrospinal - central nervous system and peripheral system Autonomic - sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and fibers |
|
|
5 Parts of Brain |
1) Telencephalon - forebrain, olfactory stimuli; large in sharks moderate in bony fish 2) Diencephalon - "tween" brain, endocrine functions and homeostasis 3) Mesencephalon - midbrain, vision, optic nerve 4) Metencephalon - hindbrain, maintaining muscular tone and equilibrium (Cerebellum largest single lobe) 5) Myelencephalon - brain stem or medulla oblongata relay station for other sensory nerves |
|
|
Pineal body |
Connected to the diencephalon, detects light/seasonal rhythms/color change. |
|
|
Gill Types |
|
|
|
Buccal pumping vs ram ventilation |
Buccal pumping - increase the volume of the buccal chamber (mouth) in front of gills and increase volume in back of gills (opercular chamber) to create water flow Ram ventilation - used by strong swimmers, keep mouth slightly open so swimming forces water over the gills |
|
|
Cutaneous respiration, swimbladders, aerial respiration |
Cutaneous: young fish, amphibious fish Swimbladders: some lung-like Aerial respiration: more common in freshwater habitats (prone to drying out, low O2, high heat, shading) Gills aren't good for this, they collapse or stick together so fish using this need supported gills |
|
|
Bohr Effect |
High concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood causes the blood to be more acidic, releasing oxygen from tissues; affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen is reduced |
|
|
Root Effect |
Lower (more acidic) blood lowers hemoglobin's affinity AND carrying capacity for oxygen |
|
|
Fish sensory specializations (2 types) |
Electro-magnetic - specialized cells Pressure/Gravity - lateral line system |
|
|
Inner Ear Structure |
Pars superior - 3 semicircular canals + utricle; connected to saccule which contains the otolith |
|
|
Weberian ossicles/apparatus |
Found in freshwater fish; connects swim bladder to ear, transmits vibrations: very acute hearing |
|
|
Mechanoreception |
Gelatinous cupula disturbed, bends cilia and alters the firing rate of sensory neurons; organ is the lateral line which is found as pores in scales and often underneath the scales |
|
|
Two types of cell systems (electricity detection) |
Ampullary organ - conductive gel leads to receptor cell and sensory neuron (aka Ampullae of Lorenzini) Tuberous organ - covering cell over receptor cell and sensory neuron |
|
|
Central problem of fish vision |
Density of water - absorbs light differently than the atmosphere (bends light) Water is a dim medium - 10% or more lost in first meter of clear lake water |
|
|
Affect of water on the visible light spectrum |
Water absorbs long wavelength (low frequency) more readily than short wave lengths (first red disappears, then yellow, orange, violet, green, then blue at last) |
|
|
Fish eye structure and function |
Transparent cornea - thinner to prevent refraction Focusing - focusing caused by back-and-forth motion (i.e. distance from retina) vs changing shape that happens in land vertebrates Sclera - outer layer of eye composed of fibers, cartilage, or sclerotic bone Choroid - highly vascularized region between sclera and retina; may contain a tapetum lucidum (guanine crystal for low light reception) |
|
|
Adaptations for Vision in Water |
1) Spherical shape - for focus 2) Protruding position - acuity 3) Moveable position - near and far 4) Off-center - near and far sighted |
|
|
Chemoreception organs |
Nares lead to sacs - Each sac lined with highly folded olfactory epithelium arranged in rosettes Taste buds - in the mouth cavity, as well as in the gill cavity, on the gill arches, and in some cases on external surfaces of the body (barbels an/or skin) |
|
|
Magnetic detection |
Magnetite -sensitive to magnetic field, found in heads of tuna and salmon and other magnetic-detecting fish |
|
|
Indeterminate Growth |
continual increase in size and volume |
|
|
Allometry |
proportional growth |
|
|
What are the basic stages of fish growth? |
Egg, larvae, yolk sac larvae, juvenille |
|
|
What comes first in development? (3 traits) |
Anal and dorsal ray formation -> scale formation -> gill raker formation |
|
|
Balon's Theory |
Development occurs as a series of discrete transitions in form and function (thresholds or metamorphoses), with periods of change in size (periods) between thresholds |
|
|
Oogenesis vs spermatogenesis |
Oogenesis: Production of eggs in ovaries Spermatogenesis: Production of sperm, occurs in follicles in testes |
|
|
Fecundity |
Number of eggs released by a female during a spawning event or breeding cycle varies from 1 to 10’s of million in pelagic marine fish Not the same as fertility, which is the # of viable offspring produced |
|
|
GSI |
percentage of body mass of animal devoted to gonadal material |
|
|
Oviparous, Viviparous, Ovoviparity |
Oviparous – fish produce eggs with yolk Viviparous – live bearers, fish produce juvenile stage young, bypass larval stage Ovoviparity –developing egg inside mother, with yolk. E.g. some sharks, scorpaenids, guppies |
|
|
Semelparous vs Iteroparous |
Semelparous - single spawning effort in life Iteroparous - repeated spawning efforts |
|
|
Salmon Life History |
|
|
|
Type of sex change in fish (4 types) |
Protogyny - female to male (e.g. blueheads) Protandry – male to female Simultaneous hermaphrodites – hamlets, Rivuline spp (self fertilization possible) Parthenogenetic live bearers, no males |
|
|
Circuli, annuli, radii |
Circuli – growth rings Annuli – band or annular mark created by slow growth Radii - radial lines extending through the otolith |
|
|
Methods used to age fish (5 types) |
otoliths, scales, bones, spines, length frequency |
|
|
Von bertanlanfy |
Model of age versus length and/or weight |
|
|
Paedomorphic |
Juvenile traits in adults |
|
|
Parietals |
|
|
|
Ceratatohyal |
|
|
|
synapomorphy |
In cladistics, a synapomorphy or synapomorphic character state is a trait that is shared ("symmorphy") by two or more taxa and inferred to have been present in their most recent common ancestor, whose own ancestor in turn is inferred not to possess the trait. |
|
|
Pre vs Post Flexion |
Urostyle flexes (flexion)upward and triangular hypural plate develops below it, caudal rays grow Pre - before this happens Post - after this happens |
|
|
Shark vs Bony Fish Reproduction |
Cartilaginous fishes and some bony fish either produce very large advanced stage juveniles after lengthy gestation in an egg case or after internal incubation – no external larval stage |
|
|
What happens at each stage of development? |
|
|
|
Typical GOM fish life history |
|
