Ichthyology 2

Front 1

Taxonomic Structure

Back 1

Series: ...... morpha

Order: ..... formes

Sub-Order: ...... dei

Family:..... dae

Some Super Orders: ..... -terygii

Front 2

Squamation

Back 2

Amount of scales

Front 3

Indemic

Back 3

Found only in that place

Front 4

Catedromous

Back 4

Dependant on salt water for breeding

Hint 4

Eel

Front 5

Anadroumous

Back 5

Dependant on fresh water for breeding

Hint 5

Salmon

Front 6

Acanthopterygii

Back 6

"Spiny Finned One"; Super Order, 60% of all fish species, ctenoid scales, highest required level of classification

Front 7

Mugliomorpha

Back 7

Series, Mullets

Front 8

Mugilidae

Back 8

Family, Mullets, 66 species

Hint 8

Front 9

Atheriniformes

Back 9

Order, Silversides

Front 10

Melanstaeniidae

Back 10

Family, Rainbow Fish

Hint 10

Front 11

Atherinidae

Back 11

Family, Old World Silvesides (~2/3 marine)

Hint 11

Front 12

Atherinopsidae

Back 12

Family, Neotropical Silversides (cycloid/ctenoid scales)

Hint 12

Front 13

Telmatherinidae

Back 13

Family, Sailfin Silversides

Hint 13

Front 14

Beloniformes

Back 14

Order, Needlefish/Houndfish, Elongate lower caudal fin

Front 15

Belonidae

Back 15

Family, Needlefish - look like gar

Hint 15

Front 16

Hemiramphidae

Back 16

Family, Halfbeaks (Ballyhoo)

Hint 16

Front 17

Scomberescocidae

Back 17

Family, Sauri (popular Japanese fish)

Hint 17

Front 18

Exocoetidae

Back 18

Family, Flying Fish

Hint 18

Front 19

Adrianicthyidae

Back 19

Family, Medakas "Medics", popularly used in medicine

Hint 19

Front 20

Cyprinodontiformes

Back 20

Order, Fin color sexual dimorphism, Topminnows

Hint 20

Front 21

Aplocheilidae

Back 21

Family, Rivulins

Hint 21

Front 22

Fundulidae

Back 22

Family, Topminnows

Hint 22

Front 23

Profundulidae

Back 23

Family, Profundulus, Betta fish

Hint 23

Front 24

Cyprinodontidae

Back 24

Family, Pupfishes

Hint 24

Front 25

Anablepidae

Back 25

Family, Four-eye fish

Hint 25

Front 26

Poeciliidae

Back 26

Family, Mosquite Fish species representative, livebearers, Gonopodium

Hint 26

Front 27

Gonopodium

Back 27

anal fin modified in mating males; trait held by Poeciliidae family

Hint 27

Front 28

Goodeidae

Back 28

Family, Splitfins

Hint 28

Front 29

Percomorpha

Back 29

Series, mostly marine fish, some freshwater

Front 30

Antherinomorpha

Back 30

Series, silversides and livebearers, hang out at surface of water

Front 31

Stephanoberyciformes

Back 31

Order, gibberfish, pricklefish, whale fish, deep sea

Hint 31

Front 32

Beryciformes

Back 32

Order, Flashlight/squirrel fish/ orange roughy (an expensive food fish)

Hint 32

Front 33

Zeiformes

Back 33

Order, Dory

Hint 33

Front 34

Gasterosteiformes

Back 34

Order, "Bone Belly", pipefish and seahorse, dorsal undulation

Front 35

Gasterosteidae

Back 35

Family, stickleback, cold water estuaries and fresh water

Hint 35

Front 36

Aulostomidae

Back 36

Family, trumpetfishes

Hint 36

Front 37

Centriscidae

Back 37

Family, Shrimpfish, swim head down, bent head looks like shrimp

Hint 37

Front 38

Syngnathidae

Back 38

Family, pipefish and seahorse

Hint 38

Front 39

Synbranchiformes

Back 39

Order: "Spiny Eels"; eel-like fish

Hint 39

Front 40

Scorpaeniformes

Back 40

Order: Sculpins, scorpionfish, many lack scales

Front 41

Dactylopteridae

Back 41

Family, Flying Gurnards "walking fins"

Hint 41

Front 42

Triglidae

Back 42

Family, Sea Robins, "walking fins" sit-and-wait predators

Hint 42

Front 43

Cottidae

Back 43

Family, Sculpins, only fresh water group

Hint 43

Front 44

Scorpaenidae

Back 44

Rockfish, lionfish, venomous spines

Hint 44

Front 45

Hexagrammidae

Back 45

Family, Lingcod, tasty!, found in Alaska waters

Hint 45

Front 46

Cyclopteridae

Back 46

Family, Lumpfishes and Lumpsuckers

Hint 46

Front 47

Liparidae

Back 47

Family, Snailfishes

Hint 47

Front 48

Perciformes

Back 48

Order, largest order of vertebrates, fewer than 18 caudal rays

Front 49

Percoidei

Back 49

Sub-Order

Front 50

Centrachidae

Back 50

Family, snook, crappie, sunfish, bass, build nests by cleaning off rocks

Hint 50

Front 51

Percidae

Back 51

Family, darters, yellow perch, walleye

Hint 51

Front 52

Apogonidae

Back 52

Family, nocturnal, coral reef fishes

Hint 52

Front 53

Malacanthidae

Back 53

Family, tilefish, marine fish

Hint 53

Front 54

Nemastiidae

Back 54

Family, Roosterfish, 7 elongate dorsal spines, pop spines to stun prey

Hint 54

Front 55

Echeneidae

Back 55

Family, Remoras and sharksuckers

Hint 55

Front 56

Rachycentridae

Back 56

Family, Cobia, ling, looks like a remora without disks

Hint 56

Front 57

Pomatomidae

Back 57

Family, enter feeding frenzies

Hint 57

Front 58

Coryphaenidae

Back 58

Family, Dolphin fishes, "bull dolphin" - male sexually dimorphic

Hint 58

Front 59

Carangidae

Back 59

Family, Jacks, pompano, deep notched tail and very fast

Hint 59

Front 60

Lutjanidae

Back 60

Family, Snappers, benthic, fishery species

Hint 60

Front 61

Lobotidae

Back 61

Family, Tripletail, ambush predators, hide under floating mats/detritus

Hint 61

Front 62

Gerreidae

Back 62

Family, Mojarra (pronouced Mo-hara)

Hint 62

Front 63

Haemulidae

Back 63

Family, Grunts, pigfish, schooling fish

Hint 63

Front 64

Sparidae

Back 64

Family, sheephead, pinfish, feed on anything with human-looking teeth

Hint 64

Front 65

Polynemidae

Back 65

Family, threadfin, a surf fish

Hint 65

Front 66

Sciaenidae

Back 66

Family, drums, otoliths are large, family contains spotted sea trout as well

Hint 66

Front 67

Monodactylidae

Back 67

Family, fingerfish, aquarium trade, live in fresh and saltwater

Hint 67

Front 68

Toxotidae

Back 68

Family, Archerfish

Hint 68

Front 69

Mullidae

Back 69

Family, Goatfish (not to be confused with Mugilidae, the mullets)

Hint 69

Front 70

Pomacanthidae

Back 70

Family, Angelfish (Juvenille and Adult fish look radically different)

Hint 70

Front 71

Chaetodontidae

Back 71

Family, Butterfly fish, common in aquariums and texas jetties

Hint 71

Front 72

Nandidae

Back 72

Family, Leaf-fishes, camouflaged to look like a leaf, ambush predator

Hint 72

Front 73

Kypohsidae

Back 73

Family, sea chubs, schooling herbivores (can't catch on a lure!)

Hint 73

Front 74

Cirrhitidae

Back 74

Family, Hawkfishes

Hint 74

Front 75

Elassomatoidei

Back 75

Sub-Order

Front 76

Elassomatidae

Back 76

Family, Pygmy sunfishes, anus in front of anal fin

Hint 76

Front 77

Labroidei

Back 77

Sub-Order, 2200 species

Front 78

Cichlidae

Back 78

Family, nest builders, tilapia, common aquarium fish, Blue Ram cichlid, cheap eats

Hint 78

Front 79

Pomacentridae

Back 79

Family, Damselfish, Garibaldi, Blue chromis

Hint 79

Front 80

Labridae

Back 80

Family, wrasses, pectoral fin paddling

Hint 80

Front 81

Embiotocidae

Back 81

Family, surfperches, 24 species, marine, livebearers

Hint 81

Front 82

Scaridae

Back 82

Family, parrotfish, create coral sand, process large amounts of coral

Hint 82

Front 83

Odacidae

Back 83

Family, Cales, weed whitings, look like a cross between a wrasse and a parrotfish

Hint 83

Front 84

Zoarcoidei

Back 84

Sub-Order, Elongate fish

Front 85

Zoarchidae

Back 85

Family, eelpout, google "eelpout festival"

Hint 85

Front 86

Pholidae

Back 86

Family, gunnels, tiny pectoral fins

Hint 86

Front 87

Stichaeidae

Back 87

Family, pricklebacks

Hint 87

Front 88

Anarhichadidae

Back 88

Family, wolffish, wolfeels

Hint 88

Front 89

Nototheniodei

Back 89

Sub-Order, Icefishes no hemoglobin, channichthyidae (crocodile icefish)

Hint 89

Front 90

Trachinoidei

Back 90

Sub-Order, sand divers, bury in sand

Hint 90

Front 91

Percophidae

Back 91

Family, duckbill fish

Hint 91

Front 92

Ammodytidae

Back 92

Family, sand lance

Hint 92

Front 93

Uranoscopidae

Back 93

Family, stargazers, electric and venomous

Hint 93

Front 94

Blennioidei

Back 94

Sub-Order, blennies

Front 95

Blenniidae

Back 95

Family, Blennytown in Corpus Christi, very cute fish

Hint 95

Front 96

Clinidae

Back 96

Family, kelpfish

Hint 96

Front 97

Icosteoidei

Back 97

Sub-Order, North Pacific Ragfish

Hint 97

Front 98

Callionymoidei

Back 98

Sub-Order, dragonets, aquarium trade fish

Hint 98

Front 99

Gobiesocoidei

Back 99

Sub-Order, Clingfishes/skilletfishes

Hint 99

Front 100

Gobioidei

Back 100

Sub-Order, sleepers and gobies (neon goby, mudskippers, darter goby) (not to be confused with Gobiesocoidei, the clingfishes/skilletfish)

Hint 100

Front 101

Eleotridae

Back 101

Family, sleeper goby, no sucker, pelvic fins separate

Hint 101

Front 102

Kurtoidei

Back 102

Sub-Order, Nursery fish, Males carry eggs on head crest

Hint 102

Front 103

Acanthuroidei

Back 103

Sub-Order, big schooling reef fishes

Front 104

Acanthuridae

Back 104

Family, tang, blue and yellow tang, knife blade on caudal peduncle

Hint 104

Front 105

Ephippidae

Back 105

Family, spadefish

Hint 105

Front 106

Siganidae

Back 106

Family, Rabbitfish, large anal fin spines

Hint 106

Front 107

Zanclidae

Back 107

Family, Moorish Idol

Hint 107

Front 108

Scatophagidae

Back 108

Family, scats, estuarine in polluted waters

Hint 108

Front 109

Scombrolabracoidei

Back 109

Sub-Order, a deep water fish, gas bladder projections, also known as "Black Mackerel" (not to be confused with Scombroidei, the true mackerels)

Hint 109

Front 110

Scombroidei

Back 110

Sub-Order, barracudas, mackerals, tunas, billfishes, endothermy (not to be confused with Scombrolabracoidei, the deep water fish)

Front 111

Sphyraenidae

Back 111

Family, barracudas

Hint 111

Front 112

Gemphylidae

Back 112

Family, snake mackerals or escolars

Hint 112

Front 113

Trichiuridae

Back 113

Family, cutlass fish

Hint 113

Front 114

Scombridae

Back 114

Family, mackerals and tuna, finlets, open water predators

Hint 114

Front 115

Xiphiidae

Back 115

Family, Swordfish, stiff pectoral fins

Hint 115

Front 116

Istiophoridae

Back 116

Family, Billfish, >1000 pound fish is called a Grander

Hint 116

Front 117

Stromateoidei

Back 117

Sub-Order, pelagic fish that drift

Front 118

Centrolophidae

Back 118

Family, medusa fish

Hint 118

Front 119

Nomeidae

Back 119

Family, drift fishes, man-o-war fish

Hint 119

Front 120

Stromateidae

Back 120

Family, butterfish

Hint 120

Front 121

Tetragonuridae

Back 121

Family, squaretail

Hint 121

Front 122

Anabantoidei

Back 122

Sub-Order, gouramis, siamese fighting fish

Front 123

Osphronemidae

Back 123

Family, gouramies

Hint 123

Front 124

Anabantidae

Back 124

Family, climbing gouramies

Hint 124

Front 125

Helsstomatidae

Back 125

Family, kissing gouramies

Hint 125

Front 126

Channoidei

Back 126

Sub-Order, snakeheads, invasive and aggressive airbreathers in Great Lakes

Hint 126

Front 127

Pleuronectiformes

Back 127

Order, flatfish

Front 128

Bothidae

Back 128

Family, left-eyed flatfish

Hint 128

Front 129

Pleuronectidae

Back 129

Family, right-eyed flatfish

Hint 129

Front 130

Soleidae

Back 130

Family, soles

Hint 130

Front 131

Cynoglossidae

Back 131

Family, tonguefish

Hint 131

Front 132

Tetradontiformes

Back 132

Order, triggerfish, boxfish, puffers, and porcupine fish

Front 133

Balistidae

Back 133

Family, triggerfish (mean fish!)

Hint 133

Front 134

Monacanthidae

Back 134

Family, filefish, sand-paper like fish, laterally compressed

Hint 134

Front 135

Ostraciidae

Back 135

Family, boxfishes, armored scales

Hint 135

Front 136

Tetraodontidae

Back 136

Family, puffers or blowfish

Hint 136

Front 137

Diodontidae

Back 137

Family, spines on body visible without inflating

Hint 137

Front 138

Molidae

Back 138

Mola-mola, ocean sunfish, baby whale

Hint 138

Front 139

Endocrine Glands

Back 139

release hormones, hormones only affect tissues with correct receptors

Front 140

Pituitary gland

Back 140

controlled by hypothalmus, produces hormones that affect non-endocrine & endocrine glands

Front 141

Neurohypophysis

Back 141

part of pituitary gland

Front 142

Parsintermedia

Back 142

part of pituitary gland

Front 143

Adenohypophysis

Back 143

part of pituitary gland

Front 144

Hormones direct influence on non-endocrine tissues

Back 144

pigmentation, osmoregulation, growth

Hint 144

3 things

Front 145

Indirect influence on endocrine tissues

Back 145

ACTH, Thyrotropic hormone, gonadotrophic hormone

Hint 145

3 things

Front 146

Caudal neuroendocrine system (only in jawedverts)

Back 146

Urophysis

Hint 146

(caudalend of spinal cord, produces UI (steroids) & UII (uptake of ions byintestines and stimulates contraction of heart, intestine, gonad ducts, andbladder)

Front 147

Thyroidgland

Back 147

isolatedfollicles in connective tissues along ventral aorta/ produces Thyroxin

Front 148

Thyroxin

Back 148

controls metabolic rate and facilitates switch from fresh to salt

Front 149

Interrenaltissues

Back 149

Chromaffin cells – in posterior cardinal vein inpronephros of jawless fish and kidney of teleosts, also around heart / producesadrenaline&noradrenaline (fight/flight)

Steroid producing cells – found in head kidneyregion/ produces cortisol, cortisone (stress hormones)PN

Hint 149

2 types

Front 150

Heart cells

Back 150

producenatriuretic peptides used for salt regulation in marine fish, produced in heartregion

Front 151

Kidney

Back 151

Angiotensin II (osmoregulation in marine fishes)

Front 152

Pancreatic islets

Back 152

Produce insulin (controls glucose & glycogen metabolism)

Front 153

Corpuscles of Stannius

Back 153

Produces stanniocalcin (controls Ca+2 inflow at gills)

Front 154

Pineal gland (near top of brain) and retina

Back 154

produce melatonin (controls circadian rhythm)

Front 155

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 155

Found along sides of fish in ganglia that connect to visceral organs

Hint 155

Affected by CNS via ganglia & regulates internal organ functions/ Controls: heart, blood constriction, gas bladder, smooth muscle constriction, melanophore)

Front 156

Fish are generally Ectotherms

Back 156

more energy used for functions other than metabolism, assume no extreme high or low temps

Front 157

Two species of Endotherms

Back 157

tunas, billfish

Hint 157

more efficient metabolism assuming food available, higher metabolic needs, wider range of habitat possible

Front 158

Three traits of Endothermic fish

Back 158

Retia – circulatory adaptations to maintain elevated body temperatures

Rete mirabile found in swimming muscles to conserve heat, exchange oxygen (blood leaving gills is warmed by countercurrent muscle heated capillary blood)

Regional endothermy – warm selected areas of body, results in lower overall metabolic rates (ex: billfishes have heat organ around eye to keep brain warm)

Front 159

Water Temperature Effects on Fish

Back 159

metabolicrates; digestive rates; serves as a cue for reproductive maturation andbehavior

Front 160

Typical Fish vs. Tuna blood flow

Back 160

More counter-currents in tuna

Front 161

Temperature Adaptations in fish

Back 161

Heat Shock Proteins - econfigured proteins that allow fish to function during high temperature periodso Allozymes – alternate forms of enzymes that function at different temperatureso Increasing osmolyte solutes in body fluids – natural antifreeze

Supercooling – marine fish body fluids won’t freeze until contacted by ice

Front 162

Tetrapod traits

Back 162

water and NaCl retention, excrete less NaCl and water than intake

Hint 162

2 traits

Front 163

Freshwater fish traits

Back 163

Water excretion, NaCl retention, Main NaCl intake through gills (NaCl exrectionthrough gills and water and NaCl extreted anus)

Hint 163

3 traits

Front 164

Marine fish traits

Back 164

Water retention, NaCl excretion, Intake water and NaCl mouth; water and NaCL outthrough gills; NaCl in through gills; water and NaCl out through anus

Hint 164

3 traits

Front 165

How do marine fish deal with hypo-osmotic internal conditions?

Back 165

- Excrete excess ions through Chloride cells,reduced kidneys - Chloride cell= high concentration of chlorideinside the cell and high concentration of Na outside the cell (Create gradientof low Na inside cell through active transport of Na-K ATPase and then returnNaCL into cell by active transport of Na-Cl carrier enzyme) Results in Clpassing out of cloride cell and into water by the gills (diffusion)

Front 166

How do fresh water fish deal with hyper-osmotic internal conditions?

Back 166

Replenish supply of ions by active transport at gills (beta chloride cells actively transport Na and Cl moves passively from environment into beta CC)

Front 167

How do sharks and rays deal with hyper/hypo-osmotic internal conditions?

Back 167

Reduction is accomplished by decreased urea production and retention (excrete ammonia instead of urea/ lower concentrations of Na and Cl/ may have beta CC/ rectal gland high)

Hint 167

like fresh water fish, isosmosis

Front 168

What are the osmotic reductions of sharks and rays (values)?

Back 168

Reduce internal osmotic pressure from 1100 to 500 (bull sharks) or 300 (stingrays)

Hint 168

bull sharks and stingrays

Front 169

How do lampreys deal with hyper/hypo-osmotic internal conditions?

Back 169

- In freshwater perform as FW fishes/ high urine flow/ beta CC in gills to import Na and Cl - In saltwater perform as SW fishes/ gain water by drinking and feeding/ no urine flow/ alpha type CC pump Na and Cl OUT of body fluids at gills)

Front 170

How do hagfish deal with hyper/hypo-osmotic internal conditions?

Back 170

Isosmosis accomplished by mirroring mineral concentration of environment (limited ability to import-export ions/ osmoregulators)

Front 171

Isosmosis

Back 171

mirroring of mineral conditions in environment

Front 172

Body waves

Back 172

Anguilliform (eel-like), lateral curve in spine and musculature that moves in a posterior direction (backward facing “wall” of body that pushes against water)

Front 173

Partial body waves

Back 173

Sub-carangiform and Carangiform (tuna-like) wave begins posterior of head and increases with amplitude as it moves posteriorly

Front 174

Caudal fin beats

Back 174

Ostraciform (boxfish-like, elephantfish, torpedo ray) Sculling action of caudal fin; no body waves, body stay rigid; best for odd-shaped fish)

Front 175

Medial fin movement

Back 175

medial fins, Amiiform- bowfin-like, body rigid but dorsal and anal fins generates a series of wavesthat move posteriorly/ anteriorly; good for stalking prey or moving w/odisrupting electric organ

Front 176

Pectoral fin beats

Back 176

Labriform – wrasses and parrot fish (rowing with laterally-positioned pectoral fins/ useful for fine maneuvering)

Front 177

Dynamic lift (buoyancy)

Back 177

propellinga hydrofoil forward at an inclined angle of attack; amount of lift determinedby angle of attack and speed of propulsion (tunas & mackerel sharks)

Front 178

Static lift (buoyancy)

Back 178

including low-density substances and reducing mass of high density substances in the body (squalene in shark liver, gases in swim bladder)

Front 179

Slender sharp teeth

Back 179

hold prey, may be depressible, medial teeth

Front 180

Villiform teeth

Back 180

sharp, small numerous needle like teeth – e.g. gar

Front 181

Triangular teeth

Back 181

cutting, sharks, piranhas, often with replacement dentition

Front 182

Recurved conical caniniform teeth

Back 182

Snapper have these

Front 183

Cardiform teeth

Back 183

numerous fine pointed teeth

Front 184

Molariform

Back 184

large crushing teeth – mollusks, crustaceans

Front 185

Incisors

Back 185

parrot fish

Front 186

Parrotlike beaks

Back 186

parrotfishes and puffers

Front 187

Subterminal or terminal

Back 187

bottom feeder

Front 188

Terminal

Back 188

general or open water feeder

Front 189

Superior or supra-terminal

Back 189

surface feeder

Front 190

Sucker type mouths

Back 190

stream fish, currents (sucker mouth catfish, gobies, loaches)

Front 191

Zoogeography

Back 191

Marine, 58%, 16000+ species, higher phylogenetic diversity

Front 192

4 Marine Ecological Divisions

Back 192

Offshore Epipelagic, deep pelagic, deep benthic, inshore/littoral

Front 193

Offshore Epipelagic (Marine Ecological Division)

Back 193

surface dwelling; 1.3% of fishes/ 325 spp.; <200m

- Undergo long feedings and spawnings

- Temperature limiting factor

Front 194

Deep Pelagic (Marine Ecological Division)

Back 194

5% or 1250 spp. (200-1000 mesopelagic and >1000 bathypelagic

- Underwater “sills” inhibit mixing across some basins (fish cant migrate into warmer basins)

- Well-developed eyes; variety of light organs; fish usually black and strong vertical migrations

Front 195

Deep Benthic (Marine Ecological Division)

Back 195

(6.4% or 1500spp.) – rattails, cusk eels, snailfish, hagfish; primitive taxa dominant

Front 196

Inshore Littoral (Marine Ecological Division)

Back 196

shelf (45% or 11000+spp.) <200m

- Main limiting factor is temperature

Front 197

Four main regions of Inshore Littoral Division

Back 197

1 Indo-Pacific, 2 Western Atlantic, 3 Eastern Pacific, and 4 Eastern Atlantic

Front 198

Mesopelagic

Back 198

Deep pelagic zone, 80% of total biomass, cause scattering of sonar

Front 199

Bathypelagic

Back 199

Deep pelagic zone, low numbers and fish usually colorless or white; reduced eyes or absent; bioluminescent; smaller with reduced skeleton and body (angler fish)

Front 200

Four major components of the Gulf of Mexico

Back 200

Carolinian, Caribbean, Cosmopolitan, Endemic

Front 201

Carolinian GOM

Back 201

(greatest affinity) (Scieanidae, Engraulidae, Atherinidae, Fundulidae (Spot, drum, anchovy, silverside, topminnows)

Front 202

Caribbean GOM

Back 202

usually establish themselves temporarily during warm years

Front 203

Cosmopolitan GOM

Back 203

Found many places/world travelers: striped mullet, yellowfin tuna, ocean sunfish, shortfin mako shark

Front 204

Endemic GOM

Back 204

(10-13% of all spp.) diverged evolutionarily / closely related sibling species due to variant speciation after sea level drop

Front 205

Factors affecting GOM fish composition

Back 205

1) Soil composition (clay or silt to sand

2) Gulf stream and Florida Loop current

3) Freshwater inflow, salinity

4) Seasonal temperature changes (Carolinian in winter to Caribbean in summer)

5) Artificial structure (hard bottom islands)

6) Oyster reef / coral reefs

Hint 205

6 factors

Front 206

Estuary biodiversity (2 types)

Back 206

- Oyster communities- fresh and salt water influences, sheepshead, toad fish

- Seagrass communities = low nutrient loading and turbidity, not high wave action, (Halidulii, pipefish, red drum, and juveniles)

Front 207

Negative Estuary

Back 207

more salty the less water is in it (evaporation leave salt); little to no river flow

Hint 207

(Laguna Madre)

Front 208

Positive Estuary

Back 208

low density fresh water push salt water out (salt wedge) so less water depth = fresher

Hint 208

(Galveston and Sabine)

Front 209

Lifehistory of estuarine fish

Back 209

adult spawn offshore, eggs float around, young flow inland, and juveniles grow up inshore

Front 210

6 Freshwater Regions

Back 210

Neararctic, Neotropical, Palearctic, African/Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian

Front 211

Neararctic Freshwater Region

Back 211

North America - Pacific Coast, Great Basin, Colorado, Rio Grande, Mississippi, Atlantic Coastal, Great Lakes/St. Lawrence, Hudson Bay, Arctic, Mexican Transition

Hint 211

10 locations

Front 212

Neotropical Freshwater Region

Back 212

(middle and south America) - >2400 spp and more than 2000 endemics; no suckers or cyprinids; many marine invaders (FW stingrays)

Front 213

Palearctic Freshwater Region

Back 213

(Europe and North Asia)- Primarily primary FW; minnows, loaches, percidae, pickerel, only 10 catfish

Front 214

African/ Ethiopian Freshwater Region

Back 214

diverse, many primitive taxa; 2000 primary and secondary FW; 50% ostariophysan (300spp minnows, 190 charactins, 360 catfish)

Front 215

Oriental Freshwater Region

Back 215

(India, Southeast Asia, Philippines, East Indies)- Wallace and Weber’s line reflects ancient land masses that were connected during last ice age, only 2 spp. of primary FW found east of line, west of line = 28 primary FW families; 13 families catfish; 4 cypriniforms including loaches and algae eaters; few cichlids

Front 216

Australian Freshwater Region

Back 216

(Australia, NZ, New Guinea)- 2 spp. of Primary FW, archaic species; 2 families of 2nd FW and 16 families of peripheral; catfishes, silverside, rainbowfishes, centropomidae, teraponidae

Front 217

Five groups of Freshwater fish

Back 217

Pickerels (Esocoidei), Darters and Perches (Percidae), Sunfish (Centrachidae), Cichlidae, Ostariophysi (68% of all FW species)

Front 218

Ostariophysi - largest FW group contains:

Back 218

- Cypriniformes- mainly on northern continents, into Africa

- Catostomidae – N. America, some overflow into Russia

-Cobitidae – Eurasia

- Characiform- S. America

- Siluriform (catfish)- occur on all continents, most spp. in S. America

- Gymnotiform – electric fishes in S. America

Hint 218

6 types

Front 219

North American Fishes Contains

Back 219

sunfish, minnows, ictalurid catfish, and darters

Hint 219

4 types

Front 220

South American Fishes Contains

Back 220

cichlids, characins, gymnotoids, many catfishes

Hint 220

4 types

Front 221

Middle American Fishes Contains

Back 221

blending of both and invasion by secondary FW fish (cyprinodontidae, poeciliidae)

Hint 221

2 types

Front 222

Five types of active fish collection

Back 222

Projectiles, Pull/Tow, Surrounding (purse seine), Cast nets, Drop nets

Front 223

Four types of passive fish collection

Back 223

Entangling (gill or trammel nets), Entrapment (crab pots, hoop and trap nets), Fish weirs (count fish), Angling gear

Front 224

11 types of fish collection & analysation

Back 224

Active, Passive, Electroshocking, Fish Toxicants, Acoustic, Visual, Fixation, Skeletonization, Freezing, Photography, Genetic studies

Front 225

Features of chordate fish ancestors

Back 225

lack a vertebrate and/or head region but have a notochord; gill-like structures, maybe tail and myomeres

Front 226

Features of craniates ancestors

Back 226

animals with true brain cases and brains, nerve cord includes brain and cranial nerves, sensory capsules for smell, vision and balance all wrapped in skeletal braincase

Hint 226

NOTE: often considered synonymous with Subphylum Vertebrata, although some primitive Craniates do not have a vertebrate (e.g. hagfish)

Front 227

Pteraspidomorphs AND Cephalaspidomorphs ancestors

Back 227

lacked jaws but possessed bony armor and had muscular feeding pump

Front 228

Conodonts (ancestor)

Back 228

primitive chordate ancestor of the hagfishes / have toothlike structure

Front 229

Class Placodermi (ancestry)

Back 229

fossil group, Placoderms (early jawed fish with plate-like ornamented skin, dermal bony plate teeth)

Front 230

Acanthodians or spiny sharks (ancestry)

Back 230

first jawed fishes, small non-overlapping scales, water column dwellers

Front 231

5 Major evolutionary trends: Neopterygians – Teleosts

Back 231

- Reduction in bony elements

- Shifts in position and function of dorsal fin (single fin to spinous dorsal + maneuverable soft dorsal = special function/ protection +movement)

- Placement and function of paired fins (pectoral – thoracic +pelvic – abdominal vs pectoral – move up +pelvic – jugular)

- Caudal fin and gas bladder modification

- Improvements in feeding apparatus (ex: pipette mouth)