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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Displacement
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distance between point A and B irrespective of path
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Velocity
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rate of change of displacement irrespective of path
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Speed
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instantaneous rate of change of distance with time
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Acceleration
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rate of change of velocity with time
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Newton's First Law of Motion
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object will not accelerate unless force is acting upon it
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Newton's Second Law of Motion
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F=ma or F= p/t
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Newton's Third Law of Motion
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if a body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts exactly the same force on the first body but in the opposite direction
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Linear momentum
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mass x velocity
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impulse
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product of force and the time during which the force acts
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Work
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The displacement over which a certain force is applied - in Joules
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power
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rate of transferring energy: energy transferred / time taken
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efficiency
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useful energy / total input energy
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mole
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amount of substance that has equal amounts of particles to 12g of Carbon 12
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molar mass
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mass of one mole of a certain substance
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Avogadro constant
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number of atoms in 12g of carbon 12
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specific heat capacity
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energy required to heat 1kg of substance by 1K
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thermal capacity
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energy required to raise temperature of "object" by 1K
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specific latent heat
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energy needed to melt or vaporize 1k of substance (the temperature stays constant because all thermal energy placed in system or given by it goes into the phase-change
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pressure
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force acting normall per unit area
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displacement (SHM)
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distance from equilibrium - vector
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amplitude (SHM)
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maximum displacement from equilibrium
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frequency (SHM)
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number of oscillations per unit time
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period (SHM)
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time taken for one oscillation
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phase difference
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oscillations which are of the same frequency may be shifted out of sync, indicated in the angle (radians) between oscillations. from 0 to 2pi
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simple harmonic motion (SHM)
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the acceleration is proportional to the displacement but in the opposite directon, towards the equilibrium point. a is proportional to -Wx
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wavelength (SHM)
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shortest distance between two points which are moving in phase
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wave speed (SHM)
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speed at which energy is transferred. v= (f)(lambda) or v = hc/f
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intensity
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intensity is proportional to amplitude^2
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Snell's Law
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relationship between v, angle and refractive index of a wave travelling from one medium to another. if refractive index from a to b is given, use sina / sinb or Va / Vb, otherwise use sinb / sina = Vb / Va = na / nb
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electric potential difference
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electrical potential energy transferred as a unit charge moves between two points. V= work done / charge or V=W/q
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electronvolt
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energy of electron when accelerated through p.d. of 1V
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electric current
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flow of electric charge. current is defined in terms of unit length between two parallel current-carrying conductors. Current = amount of charge moving past a point in unit time. I = q/t
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resistance
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R=V/I
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Ohm's Law
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I is proportional to V provided temp is constant
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electromotive force (emf)
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total energy transferred in a source of electrical energy per unit charge passing through it
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Newton's Universal law of gravitation
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gravitational force between two masses is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the distance seperating them squared
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Coulomb's Law
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the electric force between two point charges is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the distance seperating them squared
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gravitational field strength
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Force per unit mass in a gravitational field experienced by a test mass experienced at a particular point. g= F/m
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electric field stregth
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electric force per unit charge experienced by a small positive test charge at a particular point. E= F/q
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unified atomic mass unit
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unit of mass equal to 1/12 mass of Carbon-12 atom's nucleus
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energy density
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energy per unit mass of fuel
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albedo
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reflected and scattered power / incident power
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Stefan-Boltzmann Law
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P=e(constant)AT^4 - used to calculate power radiated from surface
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surface heat capacity
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Energy required to raise temperature of unit area of planet's surface by 1K
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coefficient of volume expansion
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fractional change in volume per 1K increase in temperature
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gravitational potential
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work done / energy per unit mass to bring that mass from infinity to that point
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gravitational potential energy
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work done / energy to bring mass from infinity to that point
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electric potential
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work done / energy per unit charge to bring charge from infinity to that position
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electric potential energy
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work done to bring all charges from infinity to that position
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Derive: escape speed
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1/2mv^2 = Gm/r
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Derive Kepler's third Law
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acceleration in centripetal motion and acceleration due to gravity equated with each other
4(pi)^2r/T^2 = Gm/r^2 |
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Kepler's third Law
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For all objects orbiting a certain object, the radius cubed is proportional to the period squared: (r^3/T^2 = constant)
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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if thermal energy is transferred to a system, the system will gian internal energy (U) and/or the system will expand and do work on surrounding. Q=U+W
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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entropy of the universe is always increasing (or of a closed and insulated system). This shows that energy cannot spontaneously transfer from a "cold" place to a "hot"place
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Derive: theta = lambda / b for first minimum of diffraction pattern
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graph of slit, two rays coming out at top and bottom. those two will form minimum. use trig and right angles to derive
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Brewster's Law
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at Brewster's angle, the reflected light is 100% polarized. The plane of polarization is parallel to reflecting surface. The angle at which this happens is:
tan ( angle) = n (refractive index of medium light is entering) |
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Derive: emf induced in straight conductor in magnetic field
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electric field = emf/l
electric force = field x charge -> electric force = (emf x q) / l magnetic force = qvBsin(angle) -> qvB qvB = (emf x q) / l emf = Bvl |
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magnetic flux
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product of area and component of magnetic field:
flux = BAcos(angle) |
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magnetic flux linkage
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product of flux and number of couls
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Faraday's Law
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magnitude of induced emf is equal to rate of change of magnetic flux linkage
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Lenz's Law
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direction of induced emf will be in the opposite direction to the charge producing it
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De Broglie Hypothesis (Law)
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all matter exhibit wave-like properties
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Schrödinger Model of atom
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electron only has probability of being somewhere -> a wave-function
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Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
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position - momentum
time-energy pairs can never be known entirely, the more is known about one, the less about the other |
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Derive: relationship between decay constant and half life
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use (constant)N = (constant)(No)e^(-constant)(T)
solve for T(1/2) |
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capacitance
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charge stored / potential difference between plates.
C=q/V |
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quantum efficiency of a pixel
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ratio of released electrons to incident photons
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magnification
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length on CCD / length in real world
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Ampere
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SI unit of current. 1 A is the current which, when flowing in two parallel wires 1m apart in a vaccuum produce forces of 2x10^-7 N per meter.
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Magnetic Field Strength
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force per unit length on a current moving through a magnetic field at an angle. B = F/ILsin(angle)
in Tesla. 1T = 1N/Am |
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gravitational potential gradient
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gravitational potential difference / distance seperating two points
/\V / /\ r magnitude is equal to gravitational field strength g |
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electric potential gradient
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electric potential difference between two points divided by the distance seperating them
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Temperature
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average random kinetic energy
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