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12 Cards in this Set
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Prosocial behavior |
Any behavior that is intended to benefit others. This includes helping behaviors such as giving donations. Sometimes there is an egoistic motiation like donating a money to feel good about oneself |
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Altruism |
Unselfish performance of a prosocial action despite the costs of acting, without the expectation of future benefit |
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Contrast two theories explaining altruism in humans Include evaluations and contrasts |
Empathy Altruism (Batson) Tori and Batson Batson 1983 Kin Selection Theory (Hamilton) Sime 1983 Burnstein 1994 Sherman 1. Kin selection is dispositional and empathy altruism is situational 2. Kin-selection fails to explain altruism when helping non-related strangers 3. Kin-selection is based on an unconscious egoism for group survival in the genes4. Relatively easy to test in laboratory conditions but difficult to operationalise concepts like empathy |
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Explain cross-cultural differences in prosocial behaviour |
Proactive socio-emotional orientation and concern with the well-being of others provides a social impetus to help strangers. This phenomenon is known as prosocial behaviour.
Whiting 1979: Family responsibilities Graves and Graves 1985: Caring for younger children Levine et al 2001: Socio-economic status High: Calcutta, India and Rio, Brazil Katz (Theory) - In-group/out-group bias Bond and Leung - Allocating reward Explain: 1 Different upbringings result in a different learned behaviors of caring. If it cannot be expected, it will not be performed 2 Richer countries may be used to hired help, may be more likely to be fast-paced, when PPP is high then time is worth more 3 Social identity theory where the in-group is felt to be more valued. It gives positive distinctiveness. 4 Respect for the elderly varies in countries. Collectivistic countries like Korea, maintain a very high respect, whereas countries like Singapor have less. 5 Individualism and collectivism describe culture not cause it 6 Frequency in meeting people, high tendency for cities with higher populations to be less helpful 7 Norms of society that guide behavior. If it is not appropriate to seek help, then not approp to give it either |
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Discuss factors influencing bystanderism |
Bystanderism is the phenomenon of a person not helping someone despite the awareness of the person’s need. Latane and Darley: diffusion of responsibility 85% dropped to 31% Batson and Darley: perception of hurry 63% in low condition 10% in late Latane and Darley: pluralistic ignorance, to look to others to react caused by informational social influence Pillavin et al: perceived personal cost 50% drunk 95% cane Discuss: 1 Studies rely on participants belief. Otherwise demand characteristics occur 2 Diffusion of responsibility may be higher in higher populated cities, one theory says linked to less helping 3 Cognitive process of perception is a key factor in most studies 4 Seen as a version of conformity. People believe others possess more knowledge about the situation |
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Examine the role of culture on forming and maintaining relationships |
Culture is a shared information system consisting of beliefs, behaviors and symbols within a larger group of people. Religious, political and moral beliefs are some of the thing that hold the group together. Buss et al 1989: Importance of love Gupta and Singh: Happiness in maintenance of relationship Lindberg 1992: Body-shape preference Randall 1975: Tuareg tribe Goodwin and Tang: psychological trait preference Evaluations/Assumptions: 1 Union of individuals in collectivistic societies are unions of socio-economic statuses and property - arranged marriages 2 Strength: ecological validity, both genders 3 Limitation of quantitative surveys: makes generalizations about culture, those who can afford it may choose love in China, age differences - older might marry for social stability and support in old age rather than love, number of times a person has been divorced 4 Happiness and satisfaction in a relationship will lead to a better maintenance of the relationship itself (bi-directional) 5 Arranged marriages carried out only in collectivist societies 6 Self-reporting can be misleading and subject to participant's demand characteristics 7 Most studies are correctional, finding patterns in data. Can be limited to sample size and population eg little variation in age, religion, economic background 8 Rating of happiness may be different in arranged and love marriages. More emphasis on levels of intimacy and feelings of love in love, more on economic stability and combined emotional support of both families in arranged 9 Social stigma against divorce in arranged. Failure in marriage usually results in shame so may not be open to declaring dissatsfaction 10 Scarcity has effects on cultural norms and beliefs 10 Context of country like rapidly growing or stable may result in changes in cultural effects of what is attractive. Culture is dynamic 11 Assumption: Data will be applicable to the wider population, self reporting and observation uncovers the true impacts of culture 12 Subcultures exist. Should be handled carefully and precisely trying not to draw unrealistic conclusions from correlation 13 Researchers studying a different culture from their own may mischaracterise other cultures because they are limited to their own. 'Humor' means different things 14 Culture should not be generalised to all periods in time as it makes the assumption that cutlure is a static unchanging concept |
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Analyse why relationships change and end |
Duck: inability to communicate Hill et al: dissimilarity Baxter: desire for freedom, too much familiarity Felmlee: fatal attraction Analysis: |
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Examine the role of communication on maintenance of relationships |
Communication is essential once a relationship has been established. The quality and quantity of communication will determine the success of the relationship. An important aspect of communication is the way couples deal with conflict. Gottman theory: Four Horseman of the Apocalypse Fletcher et al 1987: Attributions of conflict Levenson and Gottman 1983: Ratio of positive to negative communication Kurdek 2004: Demand/withdrawal communication |
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Evaluate sociocultural explanations of the origins of violence |
Violence in this essay is the expression of anger, and will include both physical and verbal forms of abuse. Bandura: Social learning theory Bandura: Bobo dolls Dollard et al 1939: Frustration aggression theory Barker et al 1941: Waiting to play with toys Hovland and Sears 1940: Lynchings 1882-1930 McCain et al: More crowded prisons Brower and Price 2001: Injuring to frontal lobe Flynn 1967: Electrical stimulation to hypothalamus |
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Discuss the effects of short-term and long-term exposure to violence |
Olweus 1992: Theory Wilson et al: Increased violence performance Carney and Hazler: Heightened levels of cortisol Elliot et al: Bitterness and suicide |
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Discuss the effectiveness of two strategies for reducing violence |
Bandura: Social learning theory Munroe and Munroe 1975: Childhood aggression Olweus 1993: Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP) Pence and Paymar: Duluth Model Shepard 1992: Decidivism after Duluth intervention |
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Examine biological, psychological and social origins of attraction. |
B: Singh - WHR ratio, Singh and Louis Buss 1994: Preferred age and qualities Wedekind: Dirty T shirt C: Griffit and Veich: Nuclear shelter Can et al: Similar attitudes and humor Zanjonc 1971: Evaluate photos of strangers S: Kerckoff: Proximity theory Festinger: Proximity in friendship patterns Clarke 1952: More than 50% of people marry ing in Columbio Ohio lived within walking distance of each other |
