Honors Bio, Ch.4, Nicole Ren

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

The set of chemical reactions that keep all cells and organisms alive.

Hint 1

1. ____ contains two parts: synthesis and decomposition.

2. ____ are enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Front 2

Biosynthesis

Back 2

Reactions within cell body that combine small, simple organic molecules to form more complex compounds for cell growth and maintenance.

Hint 2

1. ____ combines proteins and nucleic acids.

2. image

Front 3

Decomposition

Back 3

Reactions within cell body that breaking down organic food molecules to simpler forms and release energy.

Hint 3

1. Organisms with some of the energy from ____ to make ATP.

2. Simple compounds produces by ____ can also serve as carbon skeletons in biosynthesis.

Front 4

Cell respiration

Back 4

A series of reactions that release energy by breaking down sugars and other substances to carbon dioxide and water.

Hint 4

1. ____ is a decomposition pathway that provides the energy cells need to function.

2. Each step in ____ is catalyzed by an enzyme.

Front 5

Aerobic

Back 5

One type of cell respiration in where oxygen is the oxidizing agent that receives electrons from the decomposed substrates.

Hint 5

1. The raw materials for aerobic respiration are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

2. image

Front 6

Anaerobic

Back 6

One type of cell respiration that occurs when there is not enough oxygen and releases lesser energy that aerobic respiration.

Hint 6

1. The substrate of ____ may be only partly decomposed, releasing less energy.

2. A nitrogen or sulfur compound may substitute for oxygen in a ____ respiration.

Front 7

Fermentation

Back 7

A metabolic process which occurs in yeast and bacteria that converts sugar to acids, gasses an

Hint 7

1. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.

2. When ____ takes place, it becomes the cell's primary means of ATP production.

Front 8

Glycolysis

Back 8

The first stage of aerobic respiration in which enzymes partially oxidize glucose and split it into two 3-carbon molecules.

Hint 8

1. The partial oxidation in ____ releases enough energy to form a small amount of ATP

2. image

Front 9

Glucose

Back 9

A sugar that is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide.

Hint 9

1. C6H12O6 is the molecular formula for ____.

2. ____ is stored as a polymer,

Front 10

Krebs Cycle

Back 10

The second stage of aerobic respiration that releases carbon dioxide as a gas.

Hint 10

1. ____ begins as pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria.

2. ____ completes the decomposition and oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide.

Front 11

NAD+/NADH

Back 11

Two coenzymes that are found in all living cells that can convert between each other.

Hint 11

1. Both of ____ occur in the Krebs cycle.

2. NAD+ is the reactants and NADH is the result in the Krebs cycle.

Front 12

FAD/FADH2

Back 12

Two cofactors that involved in several important reactions in metabolism.

Hint 12

1. Both of ____ occur in the Krebs cycle.

2. FAD is the reactants and FADH2 is the result in the Krebs cycle.

Front 13

Electron Transport System

Back 13

A system that consists of a series of easily produced and oxidized enzymes and other protein.

Hint 13

1. ____ creates a electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

2. The ____ separates hydrogen atoms into electrons and protons.

Front 14

ATP

Back 14

A coenzyme used as an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms.

Hint 14

1. ____ only carries little amount of usable energy.

2. image

Front 15

Pyruvate

Back 15

A 3-carbon compound that's made from glucose in the process of glycolysis.

Hint 15

1. ____ is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids.

2. image

Front 16

Lactate

Back 16

Another 3-carbon acid formed at the end of glycolysis other that pyruvate.

Hint 16

1. image

2. There is a anaerobic pathway called lactic-acid fermentation.

Front 17

Lactic acid fermentation

Back 17

An anaerobic pathway occurs at the end of glycolysis.

Hint 17

1. ____ occurs in some bacteria and animal cells, such as muscle cells.

2. image

Front 18

Mitochondrion

Back 18

The organelles in which the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system occur.

Hint 18

1. ____ are called the powerhouses pf the cell because they are the sites where most ATP is synthesized.

2. image

Front 19

Matrix

Back 19

The tissue between cells in which more specialized structures are embedded; a specific part of the mitochondrion that is the sight of oxidation of organic molecules.

Hint 19

1. Fingernails and toenails grow from matrices.

2. image

Front 20

Cristae

Back 20

a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, it gives the inner membrane its wrinkle shape which provide a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur on.

Hint 20

1. Since the Mitochondrion requires oxygen, ____ are studded with oxygen.

2. image

Front 21

Acetate

Back 21

A negative ion typically found in aqueous solution.

Hint 21

1.image

2. ____ is often written with the chemical formula C2H3O2−.

Front 22

Citrate

Back 22

An intermediate in the Krebs cycle,creates a central metabolic pathway.

Hint 22

1. image

2. citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl CoA to form citrate.

Front 23

coenzyme A/acetyl CoA

Back 23

A carrier molecule binds to the acetate.

Hint 23

1. image

2. All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate, and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it

Front 24

Cytochromes

Back 24

Hemeproteins containing heme groups and are primarily responsible .

Hint 24

1. They are found ei or as subunits of bigger enzymatic complexes that catalyze redox reactions.

2. image

Front 25

Facultative aerobes

Back 25

Some bacteria that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment.

Hint 25

1. A good example would be the oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration.

2. image

Front 26

Obligate anaerobes

Back 26

Some bacteria that generate ATP entirely from fermentation or anaerobic respiration. They are poisoned by oxygen.

Hint 26

1. image

2. Examples of obligately anaerobic fungal genera include the rumen fungi Neocallimastix, Piromonas, and Sphaeromonas.

Front 27

Obligate aerobes

Back 27

Organisms that cannot survive for long without oxygen.

Hint 27

1. Most animals are ____.

2. Most fungi are____.

Front 28

Hydrolysis

Back 28

Digestive glands supply enzymes to your stomach and intestines that break the bonds between neighboring amino acids until the protein is completely decomposed.

Hint 28

1. It is called ____ because the components of water are inserted into the bond to break it.

2.image

Front 29

Oxidize

Back 29

In a reaction, the chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized

Hint 29

1. involves the transfer of electrons between chemical species.

2. image

Front 30

Reduce

Back 30

Part of a reduction-oxidation reaction in which atoms have their oxidation state changed.

Hint 30

1. image

Front 31

ATP synthesis

Back 31

A process that synthesis ATP.

Hint 31

1. Without oxygen, most of the fat cannot be transferred to ATP

2. image