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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 stereotypes of Native Americans |
Earliest stereotype Rivalry stereotype Post Indian Wars stereotype Modern stereotype |
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Earliest stereotype |
Native Americans are uncivilized and simple (incapable of deep, complicated thought) They are ready for conversion to Christianity |
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Rivalry stereotype |
European rivalries with Indians over land Blood-thirsty savages Indians were a non-literate society so their point of view is not documented |
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Post Indian Wars stereotype |
Indians forced onto reservations No longer needed for land or trade Culture ignored and lost |
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Modern stereotype |
Indians are trying to remember their lost culture/ways of life Alcohol and gambling problems for some Literate and trying to enter the modern world |
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Oral tradition |
Native Americans were illiterate so no fixed stories exist |
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Myth details would change: |
With the storyteller Over time As the culture changed |
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Myth |
A story that is usually of unknown origin, at least partially traditional, and relates events to a particular belief, institution, or natural phenomenon |
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Pure myth |
Primitive science or religion Explains natural phenomena, origins, or proper actions towards the gods |
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Saga/legend |
Primitive history Small piece of fact exaggerated over time |
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Folk tale/fairy tale |
Primitive fiction told for amusement Commonly includes spiritual characters |
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Cosmology |
A discussion of the beginning of the universe, its size, and its structure from a given cultural perspective |
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"The Earth on Turtle's Back" What Indian tribe is this myth associated with? |
Onondaga tribe (one of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederation) |
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"When Grizzlies Walked Upright" What Indian tribe is this myth associated with? |
Modoc tribe (California/Oregon Territory) |
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Ornate style |
A form of writing that is fancier, more descriptive, and more sophisticated |
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Puritans |
Sought to purify the Church of England from all Roman Catholic practices |
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Who used plain style? |
Northern Pilgrims |
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Who used ornate style? |
Southern Pilgrims |
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Classicism |
Reason Logic Moderation Lack of emotion Nonfiction Proves an argument Formal writing |
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Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson |
Thought of themselves as writers Wrote about Americans and American points of view Set their writings in distinctly American settings - what they saw everyday |
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Origins of Romanticism |
A reaction to Classicism Originally from Europe - we modified it Ours contains pride in America |
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Which literary elements are a part of Romanticism? |
Love of nature (lots of imagery) Fascination with the supernatural and magical Fascination with the dark side of man Emotion over reason or logic Focus on self Psychological insights Idealism Symbolism |
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Gothic |
Fear, horror, macabre, sinister elements, and plot twists |
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Idealism |
Heroes and anti-heroes Also, the practice of forming or pursuing ideals, especially unrealistically |
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Washington Irving |
First American storyteller to be recognized as a writer Used elements of Romanticism Traveled Europe (especially Germany) Brought back German folk tales and rewrote them in American settings with American flavor - gave us mythology ("The Devil and Tom Walker" is based on "Faust") |
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"The Devil and Tom Walker" What romantic ideas are found in this story? |
Supernatural ideas Emotion over reason Sinister plot twists Anti-hero and his motivation |
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Nathaniel Hawthorne |
Not a Puritan (found their laws repulsive), so he tries to separate himself from their beliefs in his writings Thought of himself as a writer, but couldn't support himself Wrote romances and in the Romantic style Known for complex situations/characters Examined flawed human nature and psychological effects Descendant of Hathorne from "The Crucible" |
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Allegory |
A tale in prose or verse where the characters, etc. represent abstract ideas or moral qualities |
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Satire |
Writing that holds up someone or something to ridicule or serious criticism; the general desire of satire is to correct some ill or evil in society |
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Types of conflict |
Man vs man Man vs society Man vs nature (external) Man vs self (internal) |
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Allusion |
A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art "The 7th circle of Hell would be more comfy than that couch." (reference to Dante's Inferno) |
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Hyperbole |
A deliberate exaggeration or overstatement, often used for comedic effect "That politician would steal candy from a baby!" |
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Simile |
A figure of speech that states a comparison by using "like" or "as" "Her hair was as red as a fire truck." |
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Metaphor |
A figure of speech in which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else "Death is a long sleep." |
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Renaissance literally means? |
Rebirth
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Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau |
Popular Transcendentalist writers |
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To transcend |
To rise above something |
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The Basic Truths of the Universe |
1. Lie beyond the knowledge we obtain from our senses 2. Can be reached only through instinct and intuition |
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How can man find truth? |
He must go beyond (transcend) what the senses say and what can be learned from books, and he must listen to his inner soul |
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Transcendentalist beliefs |
1. Love of nature 2. Divinity of man (self-trust, man is basically good) 3. Dignity of manual labor 4. Essential unity of all religions 5. Spirit of tolerance and optimism 6. Disregard for external authority |
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Capital of the Transcendental Movement |
Concord, Massachusetts |
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Henry David Thoreau |
Led a very unconventional life with odd jobs Went to Harvard, but refused any career he was educated for Wrote "Walden" about his life in a cabin on Emerson's land Went to jail for a night in protest Began the process of civil disobedience (Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.) |
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Drama |
A story written to be performed by actors that includes dialogue for the characters as well as description of setting and stage directions for the actors |
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Prose |
The most ordinary form of written language (essentially anything that is not drama or poetry) |
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Poetry |
Comes in the form of lines of texts and stanzas rather than paragraphs Specific language is used to add aesthetic or emotional qualities in addition to expressing meaning |
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Lyric |
Expresses personal thoughts/feelings of the poet |
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Narrative poetry |
Tells a story in verse |
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Meter |
A recurring pattern of stressed (accented, or long) and unstressed (unaccented, or short) syllables in lines of a set length |
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Refrain |
A line or group of lines repeated at regular intervals |
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Rhyme scheme |
The pattern of end rhymes in a poem |
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Perfect rhyme |
Happens when the later part of a word or phrase is identical in sound to another later part of a word or phrase |
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Slant rhyme |
Happens when the sounds at the ends of words or phrases do not match exactly - the sounds are similar instead |
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End rhyme |
The use of similar or identical sounds in the accented syllables of two or more words at the ends of lines |
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Caesura |
The pause or break in a line of poetry, usually created by punctuation |
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Walt Whitman |
Traveled as a journalist but quit to write poetry Broke with the standard rules of poetry (invented free verse) A big fan of Abraham Lincoln ("O Captain! My Captain!" is about him) Expresses the spirit of American democracy in his poems (patriotic and writes about Nationalistic issues) |
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Parallelism |
Repetition of a few words at the beginnings of lines of poetry |
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Free verse poetry |
Irregular rhythm and line length Avoids predetermined verse structure Uses the cadences of natural speech Rarely rhymes |
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Emily Dickinson |
As an adult, she was a very private person Communicated with visitors by notes and poems Editors sent her work back "fixed" and she objected Only 7 poems published at her death Discovered that she had written almost 1800 poems Free verse (but Whitman's free verse was more popular and published first) |
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Poems by Emily Dickinson |
"I dwell in possibility" "This is my letter to the world" |
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Poems by Walt Whitman |
"The noiseless patient spider" "I hear America singing" "When I heard the learned astronomer" |
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Stories by Washington Irving |
"The Devil and Tom Walker" "The Spectre Bridegroom" |
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Essays by Henry David Thoreau |
"Civil Disobedience" |
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Stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne |
"Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" "The Birthmark" "The Hollow of the Three Hills" |
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Stories by Edgar Allan Poe |
"The Masque of the Red Death" "The Black Cat" "Hop-Frog" "The Oblong Box" "The Oval Portrait" "The Tell-Tale Heart" "The Cask of Amontillado" |
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Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson |
"Friendship" |
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Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow |
"Paul Revere's Ride" |
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Ralph Waldo Emerson |
Studied at Harvard Critical of the religious and social rules of society Known as "An American Prophet" Contradicted himself, but thought it right to do so - expected to change as he grew older "Savings Bank" - kept a book of daily thoughts/observations about life Became a Unitarian minister, but resigned for "reasons of conscience" |
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"Self-Reliance" by Ralph Waldo Emerson |
Trust thyself; believe in individualism Change is good - no need to be consistent Nature is a guide to higher understanding |
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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow |
One of the "Fireside Poets" Easy to read, easy, "singable" rhyme American history Native American themes Optimistic, happy |
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Edgar Allan Poe |
Son of traveling actors Adopted and raised by the Allan family Married his first cousin, Virginia (he 26, she 13) Mom, foster mother, and wife died of tuberculosis Poet/short story writer; paid for being a magazine editor/literary critic Moved to Baltimore, Maryland and traveled a lot on business |
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Edgar Allan Poe's death |
Found on the streets of Baltimore He died 4 days later and no one knows why Alcohol poisoning? Poor nutrition/weakened immune system? Rabies? Brain fever? Heart disease? Diabetes? Tetanus? Cooping? |
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The Poe Toaster: A Literary Mystery |
Annually for 60 years, on January 19 (Poe's birthday), a mysterious visitor visited Poe's grave in Baltimore and left 3 roses and 1/3 bottle of Cognac Began in 1949 (100 year anniversary of his death) Ended in 2009 (bicentennial of his birth in 1809) Notes were sometimes left The job was passed throughout a family as a tradition |
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Romantic ideas in Poe's stories |
Fear, horror, extremes of emotion Fascination with the supernatural Dark side of the human personality Focus on self/psychology of the individual Plot twists Sinister elements |
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"Single Effect" Theory |
Poe believed that a short story should be written to achieve one "single effect He thought that every character, incident, and detail should contribute to that single effect |
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Who invented modern detective fiction? |
Edgar Allan Poe (The Sherlock Holmes stories were written in the same style!) |
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Elements in detective fiction include: |
An "inside job" Red herrings A skilled professional investigator with a partner who tells the story Bungling local constabulary Detective inquiries Large number of false suspects The "least likely" suspect did it A rudimentary "locked room" murder |
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Nationalism |
Interest in producing works that are clearly identifiable as American Fits into Classicism Loyalty to the nation Writers like Washington Irving |
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Arabesque |
Writing style with a lot of different plot lines and characterization, but not explanation Very complex (reader learns a lot indirectly) Example: "Hollow of the Three Hills" |
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Hyperbole |
An exaggerated statement or claim that is not meant to be taken literally "I am so hungry I could eat a horse" |
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Euphemism |
A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing "Passed away" is a euphemism for "died" |
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Types of irony |
Situational Dramatic Verbal |
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Protagonist |
Hero |
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Antagonist |
Anti-hero |
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How much of your paper should be direct quotes? |
Less than 10% |
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What do you write if there is a grammar error in a direct quote? |
Add [sic] immediately after the error |
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When should you cite after a direct quote? |
Immediately (even if the information in the following sentence is from the same source, you must cite twice) |
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The research paper process: |
1. Decide on a topic and find several sources 2. After scanning those sources, narrow the topic 3. Take general notes from all your sources, decide on a specific thesis statement, and write a preliminary outline 4. Take more specific notes from the sources that really relate to the points in your outline; you may find you have to find some additional sources 5. Begin writing your paper, adjusting the outline as necessary |
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What if you decide not to use a source in your paper? |
You must remove it from your works cited page (the number of sources on your works cited page must match the number of sources cited in the body of your paper) |
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Sample outline |
Thesis: Only complete sentence in the outline I. Introduction II. 1 - 2 words A. 3 - 4 words 1. 5 - 6 words ... V. Conclusion |
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Which portions of the paper should have headers? |
Only the body |
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What do you need to cite? |
Everything that you used from a source that is not "common knowledge" to a high school student |
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Where does the thesis go? |
In the introduction, but not as the first sentence |
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What if you have a 1, 2, and 3 under the A in a section of your outline? |
You must also have a 1, 2, and 3 for the B in that section of your outline (but it is okay to have only a 1 and 2 for under the other roman numerals) |
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Types of pronouns |
Personal Reflexive Interrogative Possessive Indefinite |
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Examples of personal pronouns |
She It They |
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Examples of reflexive pronouns |
Myself Themselves |
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Examples of interrogative pronouns |
Whom Which |
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Examples of possessive pronouns |
Mine Their |
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Examples of indefinite pronouns |
Anyone Both None Some |
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Subjective pronoun |
Acts as the subject |
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Objective pronoun |
Acts as the object of a verb or preposition |
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Possessive pronoun |
Shows ownership |
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Using which, who, and that |
Which: things (in most cases you can also use "that") Who: people That: things ("that" for people is okay in speech, but not in writing) |
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When to use commas with which, who, and that |
Commas are only used with "who" and "what" If necessary to meaning of sentence: no commas If additional: use commas If you can replace "which" with "that": no commas |
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Types of phrases |
Infinitive Participial Gerund Appositive |
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Infinitive phrase |
To run, to sleep, etc. Either "to" or the verb can be left out ("to" is implied) |
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Participial phrase |
Walking, swimming, etc. Word ends in -ing or -ed Phrase includes participle, object, and modifiers Act as adjectives |
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Gerund phrase |
Phrase with participle Different from a participial phrase in that a gerund phrase acts as a subject |
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Appositive phrase |
Renames a noun Set off by commas (unless a name) |
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Prepositional phrase |
Contains the preposition, object of the preposition, and any modifiers |
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Antecedent |
Noun for which the pronoun stands |
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Singular possessive |
Most: add an apostrophe after the last letter and add "s" Example: cat's End in "s" or "z": 1 syllable - 's or 2 syllables - ' Example: Mrs. Jones's, Mrs. Dickens' |
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Plural possessive |
Doesn't end in "s": 's Example: men's Ends in "s": ' after the s Example: girls' |
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Independent clause |
Group of words that contains a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a sentence |
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Dependent clause |
Group of words that contains a subject and a verb that cannot stand alone as a sentence Also known as a subordinate clause Uses a subordinating conjunction such as "that" or "who" |
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Collective noun |
Names a group composed of members (usually people) Examples: audience, corporation, family, jury, school, society, team |
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Citation: book |
Book |
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Citation: journal/magazine/newspaper |
Journal/magazine/ newspaper |
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Citation: journal from database |
Journal/magazine/ newspaper from database |
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Plot structure |
Exposition Rising action Climax Falling action Resolution |
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Citation: website |
Website |
