History Of The English Language, Test 1

Front 1

Analytic languages

Back 1

make extensive use of prepositions, word order, and auxiliary verbs

Hint 1

Extensive

Front 2

Synthetic languages

Back 2

indicate the relation of words in sentences largely through inflection

Hint 2

Indicate

Front 3

Norman Conquest year

Back 3

1066

Front 4

4 Theories of the Origins of Language

Back 4

1. Divine fiat

2. Echoic/onomatopoeic

3. Interjectional

4. Platonic

Front 5

Definition of "language"

Back 5

the vocal and audible medium of human communication

Front 6

Definition of "writing"

Back 6

a record of language

Front 7

499 - ~900

Back 7

Germanic Conquest

Front 8

43 A.D.

Back 8

Roman Conquest

Front 9

597

Back 9

Roman missions work under Pope Gregory the Great

Front 10

What 4 things separate Germanic languages from other Indo-European languages?

Back 10

1. Grimm's Law

2. Germanic verbs

3. Germanic adjectives

4. Fixed/stressed accent rather than variable

Front 11

Grimm's Law definition (steps)

Back 11

Indo-European fricatives became voiced stops in Germanic
Voiced stops became voiceless
Voiceless stops became fricatives

Front 12

With what 3 languages did English most often come into contact?

Back 12

Latin, Scandinavian, and Celtic

Front 13

How did Latin affect English?

Back 13

1. It spurred English to use prefixes, suffixes, and compounds.

2. Roman missionaries offered the most influence.

3. Mostly words about food, agriculture, and war stuck.

Front 14

In what ways does language grow and decay?

Back 14

It grows and decays through pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.

Front 15

Definition of "phonemes"

Back 15

Phonemes are the smallest unit of speech that, in any given language, distinguish one utterance from another.

Hint 15

Smallest

Front 16

Definition of "morphemes"

Back 16

Morphemes are meaningful linguistic units which contain no smaller meaningful parts.

Hint 16

Smallest meaningful

Front 17

Give an example of a phoneme

Back 17

The alphabet, ph, th...

Front 18

Give an example of a morpheme

Back 18

A sentence, a phrase...

Front 19

Definition of "syntax"

Back 19

Syntax is the habitual patterns for arranging morphemes into longer, meaningful units

Front 20

Things all Indo-European languages have in common

Back 20

1. They are inflectional in structure (with such distinctions as gender, tense, voice, case, number, mood...)

2. Common word stock

Hint 20

2 things

Front 21

3 parts of syntax

Back 21

1. word order

2. inflectional morphemes

3. functional words (prepositions, auxiliary verbs...)

Front 22

Indo-European structural levels of language

Back 22

1. Phonemes

2. Morphemes

3. Syntax

4. Developmental elements

Front 23

Name the 7 living branches of the Indo-European family

Back 23

Iranian

Celtic, Hellenic, Armenian, Italic

Germanic, Albanian, Balto-Slovic, Indian

Front 24

Name the 2 dead branches of the Indo-European family

Back 24

Hittite and Trochaic

Front 25

Old English dates and subtitle

Back 25

450-1150

The period of full inflections

Front 26

Middle English dates and subtitle

Back 26

1150-1500

Period of leveled inflections

Front 27

Modern English dates and subtitle

Back 27

1500+

Period of lost inflections

Front 28

Date of the Benediction Reform

Back 28

~975

Front 29

Hypotactic

Back 29

high proportion of long sentences with subordination (subordinate clauses)

Front 30

Paratactic

Back 30

shorter sentences and higher proportion of principal clauses (less mature, simpler)

Front 31

3 reasons languages change

Back 31

1. Natural change

2. Geographic division/isolation

3. Contact with other languages

Front 32

Definition of "markedness"

Back 32

the determination of the difficulty of specific linguistic structures