History Of Psych Final Flashcards

Front 1

Functionalism

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emphasizes function. According to Carr:
1) mental activity, processes
2) function of mental processes is to acquire, fixate, retain, evaluate--> behavior
-contributions: study children, mentally ill, beyond introspection
--criticisms: function means activity or purpose?
-not structuralism, not psych
-too interested in practical matters

Front 2

Antecedent Influences of Functionalism

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England and then bloomed in U.S.
Darwinism, Individual differences (Galton, Animal Psychology.

Front 3

Charles Darwin

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*the HMS Beagle in the Strait of Magellan—naturalist for 2 year journal around S. America
*Canary Islands, Brazil, Galapagosseasick, ill upon return (neurotic, parasite, beetle, stress-induced)
*Geological, botanical, zoological records, cultures
*Pined over work –rewriting, hiding, etc.: Am I Strong enough to publish this? Alfred Wallace made him
-July 1, 1858 both read at meeting of Linnaean Society
-Natural Selection influence by Malthus' notes about food supply
--Thomas Huxley his champion
-Comparative psych:
--Descent of Man--traces our ancestry back to animals
--Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (these exp. are adaptive)
-Developmental, sketch of an infant
Contributions:
*animal, comparative psych
* emphasis on function
*eclectic methodology
*descript/meas. of indv. differences

Front 4

Sir Francis Galton

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Individual Differences
Familial inheritance
-disease-some come from parents or grandparents
-specific genius/greatness, twin studies
-son’s of great men often excelled in same area
-intelligence is inherited, but we have a limit! School can only do so much
-Eugenics-improvement of human race through artificial selection (proposed sterilization of inferiors) (incentives for breeding appropriately)
-sensory acuity correlated with intelligence
-mental testing: anthropometric lab
-coined phrase “nature vs. nurture” (more oppositional)
-started use of questionnaire (hat size, Galton had huge head)
-some environmental factors (Scientists ScottishEnglish schools more like Scottish)
*Development of basis of scatter plots, correlation, factor analysis (Inheritance “regresses”—regression-toward mean), normal curve, terms ’median’ and ‘percentile’
-Everything quantified, no morality (efficacy of prayer)
(also studies 'association of ideas [memory], reaction time)

Front 5

Herbert Spencer

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Mental disorder (schizophrenia, multiplepersonality?)
-brought functionalism to US in the form of “Social Darwinism”
*Social Darwinism: all elements of universe evolve as they should! Humans, Social organizations, machines, etc.
*“Survival of the fittiest” motto of U.S., so subsidy, failures part of it--> goal to let a perfect society evolve
Utopia view: human perfection inevitable if nothing interferes with the natural order
(In Canada, no! We help those who need it)
Free enterprise: independence from governing, settling of the land
*Synthetic philosophy—mind is in present form due to adaptation by nerves, processes (evolved to exposure to challenges/complexity)

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George John Romanes

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Asked to continue animal psych by Darwn
-systemized study of animals (ants, fish, birds, domestic/farm animals)
-"Animal Intelligence", first comparative psych book
-dedicated to looking at animal intelligence: comparative; animal intelligence similar to human
-animals are capable of high levels: reasoning, problem solving, idea formation
-ladder of mental functions (protozoa to apes)
- reported in narrative rather than scientific (a la National Geographic)
-from analysis of [anecdotal method] (causal reports of observations) and infer similarities to humans (introspection by analogy) [criticized for crap science]
-jumping point for animal experimentation (parallel to case study in humans)

Front 7

C. Lloyd Morgan

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-Romanes successor (also student of Huxley)
-Law of Parsimony: animal behavior must not be attributed to a higher mental process when it can be explained in terms of lower mental processes

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Samuel Butler

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Evolution of machines, natural selection

Front 9

Henry Hollerith

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1890 U.S. Census
used punched cards as innovation in information processing
-->IBM

Front 10

William James

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-Suffered from neurasthenia -[amercanitus)
Liked (principles of psychology, many ppl launched from lab)and hated (endorsed psychic, séances, mind-reading!) in academic world
-ppl who hated his mysticism threw up blocks to publication
-friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson
-Principles of Psychology
-not elements (too narrow, inferences, but living people in their enivornment)
-when we adapt to a stimulus, its not simple, there is emotion too; not just physio. Reaction.
-“stream of consciousness thought”—personal, continuous, cumulative, selective, changes with total experience, the function of adaptation for survival
-much more philosophical in nature, how do we think as humans? Thoughts are bits of “personal consciousness” that are always changing—“you cant stop into the same stream twice
-consciousness adaptive in survival
-Habit—a well-learned patter of behavior due to malleability of nervous system, needed for societal integrity (they create our character—keep us in our niches in society), how to break them
-once a pathway formed in NS, more likely to be used again: a physiological component to habit formation
Self—different types: material, social, spiritual
Material self- body, clothes, furniture, etc. (changed his own style after published)
Social-roles in different situations
Spiritual-efforts, will, passion, judgments, morality
Cognitive psych, behaviorism, but primarily functionalism (behaviorism’s dad)
-pragmatism--"anything is true if it works"

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The Chicago School

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Closest thing to a founding for Functionalism
John Dewey and James Rowland Angell

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John Dewey

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a. Shy youth, taught high school until grad school, bad lecturer
b. Not elemental, responses are not simply sensorimotor but has meaning
i. Our responses will change our later responses
ii. unlike Descarte's s-r reflex arc, emphasized role of perception of stimulus
Child drawn to flame, feels, then is repelled. R affected perception of S
iii. Reflexes are smooth orderly sequences of coordinated indivisible movements
Never called it "functionalism" but idea that consciousness important for behavior/survival

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James Rowland Angell

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a. Organizer, head of Chicago functionalism
b. ABD (all but dissertation), no official Ph.D.--> president of Yale; lived with “reckless optimism”, student J.B. Watson
Wrote "Psychology"
c. Themes of Functionalism:
i.Understand mental operations (not elements) and its usefulness (the how /why instead of what)
ii.What purpose it serves (adaptation)
iii.Conditions under which mental operations occur
iv.Psychophysical relations
1.No mind-body distinction

Front 14

Harvey A. Carr

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Became functionalist when it was considered “mainstream psychology”
-Adds to reflex arc:
“adaptive acts”: behavior is continuous, integrated process and is adaptive (Example: S-R-Change)
-Study objective, overt behavior (pave way for behaviourists)
-Functionalism in its final form: 1) mental activity, processes; 2) function of mental activity is to evaluate experiences and use these experiences to determine one's behavior

Front 15

Robert Sessions Woodworth

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• Applied, but student of James so functionalist
• Originally planned to be minister, but ended up at Columbia, lived to age 92
• “we should not make hasty heredity conclusions” we have to add individuality in there between stimulus and response (motivations, personal drives, reasons)
• “Dynamic Psychology”: organism has motivation (motivology), personal charactersitcs (expectation, beliefs, fears, desires, sense of purpose), reasons for behavior, between stimulus and response
o S- Organism-Response
Concepts
• Mechanism: how something is accomplished (run, work)
• Drive: why something is accomplished (hunger, shelter)
o Beginning of Intrinsic motivation: mechanism can become the drive (working for sake of work)
• Credited for popularizing the terms “independent and dependent variable;” clarified what constitutes an experiment or correlation

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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• 40 years with Wellesley college, started as tutor Greek, developed psych course
• Studied under James and Munsterberg, but Harvard would not give degree: experienced much prejudice= driven by variability hypothesis/functional inequality of the sexes, women “damaged” by education
• Assisted by James, 1st female APA Prez (1905)
o Memory- paired associates method; primacy, regency, frequency, vividness (extended Ebbinghaus)—used meaningless paires (moon-hat, face-carrot)
o Self-psychology—science of the self, person as relating to physical and social environment
- We are unique, we are different form ourselves at age 10, but some parts the same
o Extensive collaborative dream studies (Freud used, she was her own subject for 55 nights, some colleagues)
-Ppl dream everynight, 4 dreams per night is common, we can control our dreams

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Helen Bradford Woolley

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• Received Ph.D from University in Chicago in 1900
• Tested what ppl believe
o Early childhood development/learning, school guidance counseling
---We should match education to intellect/gifts/vocational abilities of children
o Early psych clinic in public school; worked/consulted w/ juvenile courts
o Psych consequences of work, child labor (stress, physical, cog, social consequences) reform--director of Bureau for the Investigation of Working Children
• Debunked biological inferiority of women (small dif. in intell, but nothing compared to what society believed), brutally criticized

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Leta Stetter Hollingworth

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• Born poor, in canoe
• Husband Harry Hollingworth
• Frustrated that gender kept her from making change, contributions
• Showed variation btwn women (not “more average” group than men)
o Men’s superiority due to opportunities
o Menstruation is not related to lower cog. functions
o Compared over 2000 male/female infants, no dif. in variability; incarceration, retardation
• Became interested in retardation “defective”/giftedness, The Psychology of the Adolescent
• Challenged motherhood instinct: supported women’s work outside of marriage and family as healthy (all social/culture impedes)
• Participated in women’s suffrage movement
• Died from painful stomach cancer at 53
• Took in poor rejected children?

Front 19

Granville Stanley Hall

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Functionalist/applied
-religious/devious, adventurous
-attended seminary, but brothels, pubs, bars; interest in sexuality
-prejudice? Part of eugenic s movement, but helped women, African Americans, Japanese attain education
-child of colonists who arrived on Mayflower
-rejected from University twice, applied psych. to education
-first U.S. Ph.D., founded American Journal of Psych., Journal of Applied Psych, 1st APA Prez
-original ly funded by Am. Psychical Association
-lost tons of dough by publishing too many of first volume
-Genetic development (stages), children, lifespan development
-Recapitulation theory—evolving human race reflected in child psych development
“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”
-Book called Adolescence—very much sex!—criticism
-coined term “storm and stress”—describe adolescence (conflict with parents, mood disruption, risky behav. )
-Child Development: made public what children know from observational research, use of questionnaires
-Old Age: what age should people retire? Economic, social problem

Front 20

Variability Hypothesis

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The hypothesis that men show a wider variation of ability; women are more average

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Antecedent Influences of Applied Psych

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-initially, applied viewed as "pop," shameful
-not as many academic jobs as Ph.d's--how to make money?
-American zeitgeist demanded usefulness
-1912 budget cuts, have to convince gov/admin that psych is useful
-education--lots of gov $ and lots of students
-WWI and WWII

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Applied to what?

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-children, schools
-employment/work, factories, offices (I.O psych)
-soldier selection (IQ)
-criminal justice system
-immigration

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Harry Levi Hollingworth

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Grad from high school at 16, but couldn’t get to university; teaching certificate
-grad from Cattell; husband of Let
-vocational psychology—individuals suited to jobs based on traits, aptitudes, and attitudes (more important than motivation)
-why applied psych? he needed extra money; also proctored exams
-workshops for advertising agencies on how best to advertise
-behavioral effects of caffeine(--asked to defend Coca-Cola, said would find out what was really there—1911 Coca-Cola Trials, violated Food and Drug Act); start of psychopharmacological research
-scope and method (double-blind) was way more applied
-lab testing of ads---compared lab results to sales figures (high correlation .82)--> Consultant

Front 24

Francis Cecil Sumner

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Parents did a good job of home-schooling him; had to write entrance exam for Uni, aced it
-graduated with honours, but trouble getting to grad school
-first African American Ph.D. in U.S., under Stanley Hall
-had to put on hold because drafter into military
-translated articles (German, Spanish, French)
-higher education of black students (backdrop of segregation), indep Dept. of Psych. at Howard Univ.
-pensive, but fervent writing
-Perception, advertising, psychology of religion, equality and justice—attitudes between Blacks and Whites
-trained Kenneth Clark who was 1st African American APA prez

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James Mckeen Cattell

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trained at Leipzig under Wundt and the like
-arrogant, sarcastic, nasty—criticized uni administrators, criticism of war effort, draft—treason!
-experimental drug user (hash, THC, morphine, German dark beer)
-political, administrator>experimenter, ambassador, union for Proffs (AAUP), founded Psych Review, edited many others
-obsessive about taking over journals as editor
-founder of Psychological Corporation—consult, test for industry (jobs for psychologists)
-trained many grad students (Woodworth, Thorndike)
-Functionalist
-mental tests—large groups, human individual differences in sensorimotor abilities (//Galton) compared to intellectual ability= few correlations
-coined term “mental testing”
Lack of findings killed interest in experimental psych
Daughter’s name Psyche

Front 26

Alfred Binet

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Developed intelligence test for school childrend with Simon
law degree, wealthyeducated himself in psychology
-mental tests (beyond Cattell)--“complex superior process, not elementary processes)
-complex processes: memory, attention, motor ability, spatial reasoning, judgment , comprehension, reasoning
-wanted a standardization of ability; wanted to help those who didn’t make standard
-“Mental Age”—age of average ability for certain tasks (Binet-Simon Scales, event. over 100 questions)
translated for U.S. by Goddard

Front 27

Mental Age

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age at which children of average ability can perform tests

Front 28

Lewis Terman

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Ph.D. Thesis “Genius and Stupidity”
-different skills and abilities (creativity, interpretation of fable, learn chess)
-bought rights to publish Binet-Simon Scales for $1
-he and Meryll James translated and standardized to American children
-Stanford-Binet Intelligence
-development/proliferation of I.Q. (intelligence quotient): mental age/actual age X 100 (IQ test 1916)
--became standard of intelligence
“early ripe early rot”—gifted ppl are good socially

Front 29

Robert Yerkes

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APA urges psychology to help with war effort during WWI
-Developed group intelligence tests
Army Alpha, Beta (pantomime)
[also influenced behaviorism with animal studies]

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Psychological Testing Movement

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Although results from army test only available after war ended, interest in psych testing.
- group personality etc.
-efficient testing
-pub acceptance but..
-also "pop" poor rep (Edison)

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Psychology after WWI

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-degradation in reputation was also during depression, wasn’t contributing as much
-screening immigrants-defective, feebleminded (even if culturally, linguistically biased); symbol of merit
IQ one of the merits, supported racial/ethnic quotas( Goddard) -->black market of immigration (bribes, sneaking)
-WWII=
Personnel selection, best employees, Hawthorne studies (being observed itself creates changes)
-applied psych, less sexy because more women doing it (gender stereotypes)
-idustrial/engineering psychology (ergonomics) making machines more productive withpeople
-design of equipment, space for people who use it
Testing in America spurred IO movement in Europe
Psychology and Industrial Efficiency
“new science between the lab and needs of economics” Munsterberg

Front 32

Florence L. Goodenough

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pioneer in test construction
"Draw-a-Man Test" of intelligence for younger children

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Maude A. Merrill James

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Revised Stanford-Binet test-->Terman-Merrill Test

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Psych Cattell

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Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale, for young a 3 months

Front 35

Anne Anastasi

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influenced by Harry Hollingworth, over 150 articles and books (couldn't have children)

Front 36

Lightner Witmer

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Anti-social, contentious, but understanding and pensive w/ children
Got into psych from law because needed money (wrkd w/ Catell)---encouraged to get Ph.D., forced under Wundt (hated)
Physiology and then psychology of pain
-Not just understand or apply but a helping profession
detested Freudian psychotherapy
-began clinical psychology (term), 1st clinical psychologist (first lab)
-focus: children’s learning and behavioral problems (mentally defective, blind, disturbed); started w/ money from gov. for educational psych
-developed assessment to treatment plans for variety of disorders
-multi-modal; not just person other aspects (physicians, psychologists, social workers)
-..and clinical psychology grew, albeit slowly in WWII (1941)
-first year only 24 cases, most learning disorders; therapy for adults rare
---WWII adults arrived home with PTSD
The Psychological Clinic Journal (edited for 29 years) Mostly case studies examined in his clinic at the U of Penn.
-argued that psych could act independent of the medical profession

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Walter Dill Scott

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-1st for personnel selection, management, ad, --first book on
-1st professor of applied psychology
-1st psych consulting company
-received medal from army
-grew up on farm worked hard to get through school
-Ad: ppl are easily suggestible, esp. women
-Personnel Selection: rating scales
-Defined intelligence in practical terms (judgment, quickness, accuracy)

Front 38

Hugo Munsterberg

Back 38

We shouldn’t compromise experimental psych, but use it—the research should be applied to issues of daily living
“Monsterberg” by students, “Monsterwork”—criminal psych
Flagrant, stubborn, conceited—loved public eye
Writings—prestige and ridicule (Boston Public Library—hate mail)
Parents immigrated family when 12ish, tried to keep German identity
Taught at Harvard (thanks William James); James later becomes embarrassed by him
-credible or controversial “publicist”; repeated public flogging (e.g. against prohibition—money from beer company--, att. toward women—irrational beings w/ exceptions, fierce German nationalist, spy?), fatal stroke at 53
-eclectic plethora of applied area (+education, business, film)--ironic because early writing slammed applied psych
-“Photoplay a Psychological Study”
-Forensic: eyewitness testimony and interrogation (debunk accuracy—memory degradation, suggestion, altered memory), lie detector polygraph precursor (rep., bp)—physiological contribution to behavior, expert witness--psychologists should be expert witnesses too!
(1908 “On the Witness Stand” 1909 Psychotherapy 1913 IO)
I/O- consulted on employee efficiency--no talking increases efficiency; introduction of cubicle
“work satisfaction”—source of joy, pleasure or depression, upset
Psychotherapy—non-Freudian, did because entitled to do so; not subconscious, stop thoughts, interject and change; act opposite to feelings, hypnosis (force behavior to change mind, change physio to change mind)
-causes of many disorders—happy medium in expression of emotion, blamed society
[clinical, industrial, forensic]

Front 39

Hawthorne Studies

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At Western Electric Plant at Hawthorne, Illinois.
--social-psychological factors of work place more important than physical factors
-ie just having psych their convinced employees that bosses care-->increase in performance

Front 40

Lilian Moller Gilbreth/Anna Berliner

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Gilbreth: IO psych, received Ph.D in 1915, but many businessmen would not accept woman
Berliner: Wundt's only female student, Japanese/German advertising, visual problems that affect learning

Front 41

Applied Psych's Legacy

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-Disenchantment during the depression: psych can't fix it
-WWII new problems to address
-now 65% of psych applied
Factors Influencing applied psych:
-darwinism
-galton's individual differences
-functionalism
-American focus on useful
-economic, social, force of war

Front 42

Antecedent Philosophy of Behaviorism

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The Resurgence of “Objectivity”…
• Behaviourism is not just attributable to American researchers
• So… modifications to Wundt taking place (structuralist… not functionalist, applied in the U.S.)
• Pavlov’s predecessor spoke about getting back to objectivity and also talked about conditioning to a certain extent
• Develop/revist…
o Objective study, mechanism (Descartes), positivism (Comte)
o Empirical approach (“show me”… see it, hear it, touch it… not assume/speculate); move away from mentalism, soul, consciousness
o Animal psychology, some beyond the comparative (Romanes, Washburn, Darwin, Loeb (induced brain lesions in dogs and led to the belief that science is a tool to understand animal behaviour), and Herbert Spencer Jennings (attempted to show that even the most primitive of species can learn))
-Getting away from the consciousness of animals
-->toward a science of behavior

Front 43

Clever Hans

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1904; owner Wilhelm von Osten didn’t want money, was proud
-animals differ from humans only by access to education
-taught horse skills—from math to identifying objects, colours, memory tasks respond with hoof taps or a nod
-public sensation, tours
-trickery or real intelligence?
-Stumpf’s grad student Oskar Pfungst discovered nonverbal gestures by questioners (head bob), correct responses result of conditioned learning (rewarded, systematically reinforced)
Wilhelm argued, then became depressed
-…analyze animals, behaviors result from S-R, find the relationships—we can modify behavior! A rigorous experimental method can be used to study animals!

Front 44

Influence of Animal Psychology

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Animal psych important antecedent of Watson.
It grew out of evolutionary theory and attempted to demonstrate 1)existence of mind in lower organisms 2) continuity of animal and human mind

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Willard Stanton Small

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-searching for effective animal behavior measurement methods
-objective, but not impeding normal behavior
-created different apparatuses for wasps, chicks, white rats (Linus Kline)
-introduced
-use of rats in psych research
-maze tasks (Y-maze): natural as possible—mimic burrows
-small based rat maze on the Hampton Court Palace maze
By 1910 there are 8 animal psych labs
Post-Pavlov blooming of animal psych in Europe

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Jacques Loeb

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theory of animal psych based on "tropism" [an involuntary forced movement]
-did not reject consciousness in animals high on evolutionary scale; "associative memory" btwn S-R indicates consciousness
-Watson was talked out of working under this "unsafe" man

Front 47

Charles Henry Turner

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African-american, published a lot on comparative psych

Front 48

Edward Lee Thorndike

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Family Methodist, father minister—no dancing, strict, etc.
Looked at mind-reading ability by children; // clever hans; mild facial expressions by teacher
-considered one of most productive psych in history (1 publication per month)
-study behavior, not conscious elements
-connectionism: btwn objective situations/stimuli and response
-fancied “chicks”—studied them, lived w/ them—intention: to education and breed, test of acquired mental traits (too long a project)
*puzzle boxes—old wood, to escape learn (use latch, chain); log wrong behavior, time
-first accident, second time still tries lots, hits latch faster, lack of behavior that didn’t work and increase in behavior that occurred right before escape
-trial and error/ trial and accidental success
-Law of Effect
Connection strengthened when produces a “satisfying” result (reward),weakened when produced an “annoying” results (discomfort, lack of change)
[not pure behaviorist, mental states]
Law of exercise/use and disuse
Connections strengthened with repetition/use, weakened with disuse
Also studied worker satisfaction, transfer effects of school subjects(transfer of subject matter, can you do another subject well), produced children’s dictionaries for different ages
Influence: more task specific teaching

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Connectionism

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Thordike's experimental approach to studying learning,based on connections between situations and responses (objectively verifiable)

Front 50

Trial and Error Learning

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aka Trial and accidental success by Thorndike. Repetition of response tendencies that led to success

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Law of Effect

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Acts that produce satisfaction in a given situation become associated with that situation, when the situation recurs, the act is likely to recur

Front 52

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

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1904 won Nobel prize for work on digestion, lost all money in Bolshevik revolution
-used to be being poor, caught between being aristocrat and peasant
-poverty stricken, unlucky (head injury @ 5, robbed in NY at first trip to U.S., lost two children, broke leg), devoted--obsession, no time for practicality, argumentative scientist
-open with feelings, mean but affectionate with humor to wife and Ph.D. students
40 years of work , 532 papers
Took good care of dogs, equality for women, jews, etc.
-rigorous control (e.g. Tower of Silence), standardized experiments (salivary counts)
Sham eating (tube out of esophagus or stomach), wanted to study gastric juices before salivary glands
Noticed gastric juices increased before food present
Conditioned reflexes—reflexes contingent on association btwn S+R
Neutral stimulus/Conditioned Stimulus- (light) repeatedly paired (reinforcement) with Unconditioned Stimulus (food)= present CS, elicits CR (or reflex)

Extinction: CS is presented repeatedly in absence in UCS, CS loses ability to produce salivary activity
Spontaneous Recovery: following a period of rest, the CS can produce the CR
Stimulus generalization: stimuli similar to CS could elicit CR (bell of similar pitch)
Discrimination: small alternation in UCS can alter CR (circle vs. ellipse)
-dogs get agitated when discrimination tight
…also interestingly from 1921 until his death interested in Clinical Problems (watched dogs under different amounts of stress, some seemed more resistant than others)
Temperament: diff. in dogs/breeds, explain lab results diff (in terms of Hippo. Humours)
Experimental Neurosis—responses, resistance to stress then breaking point and aberrant behaviors
-ultramaximal inhibition—brain inhibited (“shock”, vacant stare, unresponsive)
-After-effects (pattern) of U.I.:
a) equivalent phase: normalcy (// to people same response to imp. or trivial)
b) Paradoxial: strong stim, weak response or vice versa
c) Ultraparadoxical: severe trauma, alterations in personality
What happens doing human “breakdowns”, religion conversions, abandoning family; impacted neuroscience

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Vladimir Bekhterev

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anti-Stalin (killed by Stalin?).
interested in motor conditioning response
"associated reflexes": reflexes that can be elicited not only by UCS but by stimuli that have become associated with the UCS
"Objective Psychology"

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John Broadus Watson

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-deliberate founding