History Media Arts | First Test/quiz

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Telecommunications

Back 1

transmission and reception by electromagnetic means (radio, wire)

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Broadcasting

Back 2

transmission of radio or TV signals

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Telegraph

Back 3

communicating by Morse code, not by speech

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Phonograph

Back 4

Invented by Thomas Edison, an early record player. Later became gramophone

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Wireless Communication

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•Guglielmo Marconi, “father of radio”

• usually used on the sea, early maritime communications

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Telephone

Back 6

Invented by Alexander Graham Bell

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Magic lanterns

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a primitive projector, 1600s

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Optical Toy

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flipbooks, people learned that drawing could capture movement

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Series Photography

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Faster cameras meant photography could stand in for the drawings in flipbooks

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EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE

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Famous photographer hired by Stanford University to settle bet (horse not touching the ground, yes).

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Zoopraxiscope

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Used a spinning disk of photos to create stop motion

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THOMAS EDISON

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Stole idea for Kinetoscope from Muybridge.

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Kinetoscope

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Idea stolen from Muybridge, except it actual showed films thanks to WKL Dickson

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Kinetograph

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heavy camera, about 400 pounds. Invented by Edison.

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Kinetoscope Parlors

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Rooms full of kinetoscopes.

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W.K.L. DICKSON

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Inventor for Edison. Main inventor of kinetoscope/kinetograph. Left Edison and created Mutoscope. Lead to patent war, which lead to film quality improving in short period of time.

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J. STEWART BLACKDEN

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Founded Vitagraph, known for war films. Spanish-American war in bathtub.

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ETIENNE-JULES MEREY

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Invented Chronophtographic Gun. Looks like rifle.

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THE LUMIERE BROTHERS

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Auguste and Louis Lumiere. Invented the Cinematographe, machine could record and project films. Light weight. Early films were home movies. Led the way in public showings for a paying audience

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Vaudeville

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vaudeville shows were family friendly entertainment with a weekly program change and a low admission price. Performers were usually musicians, but now films could be shown

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Amusement Parks & Traveling Shows

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In amusement parks, films functioned as a ride – like the 3D rides we have today where you watch something on a screen and it you around. In those days, films could simulate of train rides.“Cinema of Attractions” – people went for the Spectacle, Shock, and Special Effects

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Dime Museums

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basically a cheap museum where you paid a dime to go in.

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Projectionists

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projectionists traveled around the country and sometimes the world to show films in theaters. Sometimes they’d made the film themself, but other times they were paid by the director to spread the word about the film.

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THE CINEMA OF ATTRACTIONS

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term created by Tom Gunning, dominant type of cinema until 1906s.

It relied on the 3 S’s – Spectacle, Shock, and Special Effects.

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Narrative

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an account of connected events

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Story

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all events with the narrative presented or inferred

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Plot

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the specific sequence of events in a particular narrative

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Temporal Order

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where the story goes forward and the plot goes backward

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Character Subjectivity

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where the story is told through one character’s perspective (most films done with way).

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GEORGE MELIES

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Magician who performed in vaudeville and theatre operator.

First to capitalize on having films be about stories, and he made over 500 films.

"Trip to the Moon"

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EDWIN S. PORTER

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Inventor for Edison and vitascope projectionist, before becoming a filmmaker.

“Jack and the Beanstalk”

“Life of an American Fireman”

“The Great Train Robbery”

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CECIL HEPWORTH

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“Rescued by Rover”, film much darker than most of the time.

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Stock company

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a companyor corporation whose capital is divided into shares represented by stock

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Trust

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A combination of firms or corporations for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices throughout a business or industry.

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Cameraman System

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1 man made a film.

Director SystemHe was the director, cameraman, editor, etc.

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Director System

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1 director gathered his personal crew –a cameraman and a writer usually.

Usually the director or the cameraman would edit the footage.

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Director Unit System

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Several directors created a stock company and worked together.

They’d go out in teams like the director system to make films, then come back and share the profits of their films with each other.

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Three Distinct Parts of Filmmaking

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Production, Distribution, Exhibition

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Motion Picture Patent Company

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Founded by Edison, a trust that tried to stabilize and control the film industry.

Tried to set a standard price for movie tickets and film length.

General Film Company for distribution.

Ended up failing, declared illegal.

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Nickelodeons

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Theatres that showed series of one-reel films for 5 cents total.

“democracy’s theater”

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Early Editing Experiments

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180-degree rule

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D.W. GRIFFITH

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Started at Biograph, first to master narrative editing. Father of parallel, rhythmic, and associative editing.

"Birth of a Nation"

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Race Films

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films produced for an all-black audience, featuring black casts. (Ex. Birth of a Nation)

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WILLIAM FOSTER

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First African-American producer of racefilms. His company was the Foster Photoplay Company. His films followed the theme of the black middle-class experience.

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OSCAR MICHEAUX

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Made 20 films in his 30-year career. His films dealt with difficult issues.

Most famous film was "The Homesteader", first film with entirely black cast and director.

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Decline of Race Films

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Decline of race films was due to the new invention of sound, but also the Great Depression. Also changes in Hollywood.

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Henry David Thoreau

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“History is the prose narrative of poetic deeds.”“Storytellers are liars who tell the truth.”

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“Broken Blossoms”

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D.W. Griffith’s film, shot in a studio.
Controlled light (three-point light). Example of dark studio.

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Soft Style Cinema

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Takes everything unnecessary away that didn't help the plot move forward. DW Griffith specialized in it.

Slower pace, average of 8-11 seconds per shot instead of 3.

More of an art form, instead of purley entertainment.